Skin Facts

The skin is the largest organ of the body. On the average person, the skin is approximately 3000 square inches and weighs approximately seven pounds. While the eyes are the â€Å"windows of the soul†, the skin is the â€Å"window to the body† because it is the only organ that can be seen. The skin contains 25% of the body’s blood supply, which flow completely through the skin once every minute. The skin is the body’s largest organ of immunity. It is the body’s first line of defence, the boundary where self is designed from non-self, yet it is highly interactive with the environment. Anatomy of Normal Skin Approximately 50% of the body’s primary cells of immunity are housed in the skin at any minute. After puberty, these cells are matured in the skin. The skin is biodynamic, alive up to the stratum corneum the only barrier the skin has to the outside world. The stratum corneum is less than the thickness of one human hair. In one square inch of the skin there are 2800 openings for sweat and oil glands. Over three million sweat glands cover the body, contributing to one of the skin’s many nicknames, the third kidney. In one day, skin will release one to several millilitres’ of water. As we get older, these sweat glands produce less perspiration. Skin perspires, what some people mistakenly call breathing. It takes in about 2. 5% of the body’s oxygen and releases about 3% carbon dioxide. In general, the skin does not breathe from outside oxygen. It works on anaerobic metabolism through our lungs. The skin is a bio-conversion factory. It is the largest hormone and enzyme producing organ of the body. Two distinct layers make up the skin. The epidermis, which covers and protects and the dermis, supports the epidermis and connects it to the underlying muscles. It acts as a heat regular in conjunction with the blood stream and perspiration glands. When the body is exposed to too much heat, there is a rush of blood to the surface of the skin, permitting it to cool. At the same time, the perspiration glands secrete liquid to aid in the process. Sensory erception occurs in the skin, preventing damage to its ability to feel heat and/or cold, giving pleasure by the same ability to feel such things as the smoothness of satin of the softness of down. There is delayed light screening by means of melanin’s reaction to light. Melanin is a dark pigment found in the skin. It is the area where both sebum and perspiration production take place and where these two combine on the surface to form a protective film (acid mantle) which renders the skin less vulnerable to damage and attack by environmental factors (e. . sun, wind, bacteria) and less prone to dehydration. â€Å"pH† is a chemist’s term standing for â€Å"potential of hydrogen† and is used to describe the degree of acidity or alkalinity in the acid mantle of the skin or in a product. It is measured on a scale ranging from 0-14. The centre of the scale, 7, is neutrality (neither acid nor alkaline). A reading above 7 indicates that the substance being measured is alkaline; below 7, acid. As far as the skin is concerned, a normal pH (or normal Acid Mantle) is in the range of 4. 2 to 5. 6. It will vary from one part of the body to another and generally speaking, the pH of a man’s skin is lower (more acid) than of a woman’s. The Chemical Composition of the Skin: Water70. 0% All percentages are approximate, Protein25. 5%as water may range from 60% to 70%. Lipids2. 0% Trace Minerals0. 5% All Other2. 0% There are three main skin layers: †¢The Subcutis contains fat cells and Lipocytes which make lipids. †¢The Dermis contains nerves, blood vessels, sebaceous glands and sweat glands and consists mainly of collagen & elastin. †¢The Epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. The skin, and in fact our whole body, is composed of many different types of cells. These cells have the same fundamental chemical composition but they vary in size, shape and function. The cells that comprise the outer layer of the skin are themselves a series of many layers that overlap each other, thus ensuring that cellular or other fluids cannot escape from the body via the skin except through a cut or break, or by means of special escape routes: the pore of follicles. The outer surface of the skin is comprised of flattened dead cells. Underneath however, there are living cells, which are somewhat fuller, and the deeper one goes into the skin, the fuller and rounder the cells become. At the bottom of all the layers, there is a row of cells, which are the ones that are always growing and in the process, pushing other cells upward, the cells become flattened as they are emptied of their natural fluid through pressure and dehydration. This normal process of shedding and renewal takes about 30 days (which means that after a cell is born in the bottom layer, it ends up on the surface of the skin, dead and ready to shed). The number of things the skin does for us is incredible. It covers us (epidermis and dermis), helps us keep warm (fatty layer), cools us off (sweat glands), keeps itself supple (oil glands) provides ultraviolet ray protection (melanin cells, registers our sense of touch (nerves), and is ornamental (hair, eyelashes, nails). Over time, dead protein cells can build up and block sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. This causes disturbances in the skins pH levels, normal rhythm and proliferation.

Alton towers key customer market segments Essay

Alton towers target a wide range of customers as they have a lot to offer for different people, gender doesn’t come into this I don’t think as boys and girls both enjoy rides. They target families as they cant just target children as children cant get all the way to Alton towers and pay for it as well, they try and draw the parents in as they will be paying for the children. Also Alton towers have a big target market on ‘thrill seekers’ that’s ages 16-60+ I would say and this is the people that really want to have a amazing time who love the biggest fastest and the most scary rides and Alton towers target them because they also come in groups just like families. Alton towers marketing team have to make new rides appeal to all ages this includes thrill seekers and families, men and women. Or if the new rides are just designed for little ones then families would be aimed at. The reason they target certain people is because they know who would rather go on big headliner rides all day to the people who would rather go on more chilled rides like log flume and rapids. How they do this is making rides for everyone for example ‘oblivion’ that is a ride that thrill seekers will love as is big, fast and gives you that great buzz afterwards. Groups and groups of customers come to Alton towers day in day out, some stay over night in the hotel, which is another service they offer. Alton towers are aiming to give all customers and experience and a day to remember by offering what someone would want on a good day out, spa treatments for all those people who want to chill and relax, a water park for anyone wanting a exciting day on big slides and the main factor the theme park. And even a conference center for anyone who needs to have a discussion about business. Alton towers try to provide as much as they can and always want to know what they can do to make themselves better, every car in the car park is targeted with a questionnaire to see if they had a good visit and what can they do to make it better. Alton towers do things very good especially when advertising, for example in  2010 Alton towers created a new ride called ‘THIRTEEN’ this is a ride many people all over the UK and the world would want to ride, the way they let people know about this ride is let the customers advertise it for them, they put a little ad in a relatively small newspaper, this is so who ever read the newspaper would see the ad and would know that Alton towers are making a new ride. But what’s the first thing you do when you see something like that, you tell your friends or you post on social media, it wasn’t long until it was on the news and everyone found out about the new ride. Every thrill seeker around the UK or anywhere else wanted to go on this new ride and try it out. The ride cost Alton towers  £15,000,000 but because of all the people that want to go on this ride they were not worried about how much it cost them as they new the this first free fall roller-coaster was going to be a big hit and bring the money it cost back to the business. The reason that Alton towers have marketing segments is that they need to know who there aiming their rides at and what they need to do to make them have a good experience on the ride, so when aiming at youths they will make fast rides with loops or spirals and try to give them a buzz but for younger children they have to have something a little slower and age friendly as young kids will be too young to be going on the big rides so the rides like log flume and sonic spinball will feel to them like something major and that’s what Alton towers have created. Alton towers know that new rides means new customers as different people appeal to different rides by creating new rides and attractions this will invite more potential customers to the resort. Customer wouldn’t be coming back as regular if there wasn’t as many new rides or facilities on offer, but on the other hand if you look at what they have you realize that the rides are amazing and the things they have to do there are great and that’s why so many families and tourists visit the resort. Task two Now I’m going to talk about what Alton towers can do to get more customers by making new a new futuristic ride for all those thrill seekers looking for something new. So I’m going to devise and new marketing mix for a new ride  but I will also be taking into consideration the key market segments. I have made a decision that I’m going to base my new marketing mix on a futuristic ride for thrill seekers and the reason I’m doing this as Alton towers have all these big rides but I think they need that one ride that isn’t the same old spirals and loops, I’m going to create a ride that has speed loops spirals to create a G-force feeling like nemesis but improved and with a slight difference. The reason I’m targeting thrill seekers is because I think this is what going to blow their minds when it comes to a good ride. So the marketing mix, the marketing mix is a combination of the four P’s product price promotion and place, these are the things you need to consider when creating a new ride or facilities. This method is how you show your customers what the product or service is, also you need to be able to draw them in by advertising it well and letting them know what they would be missing out on. Product: The product that is going to be offered to the customers is going to be called ‘EROS’ this is a new hi-tech futuristic ride which will push you to the edge of intenseness. This is the king of rides for thrill seekers compacting everything you would want in a ride into one. This product will attract any thrill seeker form around the world as if you want an experience like Alton towers want to give you then you will want to be on the ride as soon as you can. The appearance of the ride will be massive, Alton towers agreed to the council nearby that they would go above tree height so the ride stay no higher than them, but don’t let this make you think its small because it takes up a lot of room. The ride will look like a futuristic shuttle that is covered in LED lights and things that you wouldn’t usually see but you know they are high-tech. When the safety barrier comes down over your head a futuristic mask comes down over your head as well seeing all the futuristic out of space things you wouldn’t usually expect in 3D. You will feel like you cant move off your seat the g-force is that strong and you  wont even see the spirals coming because of the intense speed. The one thing that people will say when they get off that ride is ‘wow’ the ride has different settings so that its not the same experience each time so by this I mean when you have the mask over your head you will see different things each time and the ride will feel like a new experience to you each time. Price: The ride won’t cost anything more than what Alton towers would usually charge so the customer is getting a new experience for the same price as you would pay to go on the other rides at the theme park. Obviously Alton towers will do special offers and family deals to try and invite more customers, for example if your bring a family of 4 you could get a 1 fast track ticket to the front of ‘EROS’. The ride will bring people from all round to try it out. To attract a larger amount of customers Alton towers could provide deals. If the ride is advertised correctly and becomes a big hit and the overall daily amount of customers increases then this could lead to the entry price being raised and greater marketing opportunities for Alton towers to add the name of the ride to their advertising which in turn could bring more visitors to Alton towers overall and increase revenue. Promotion: The way that the customers are going to be informed about the ride is in a minor way to start off as you don’t want to spill the beans to fast, you need to tease the target audience before so the word gets around. So around the resort their will be little hints, for example a picture of a futuristic background on a poster to leave small clues. Communications mix of TV, radio, digital and press will be used to make sure that customers will know about the ride, Alton towers like to tease the audience, this is so they get excited about going on the ride and cant wait to have the experience. When the ride is advertised on TV it will be on after programs that young adults will watch as a lot of young adults use social media this will also provide another way of the word getting around about the ride. Place: Place, the ride will be located on the resort in a new area with lots of space so that when it is opened it is made to look like the biggest ride and look like a headliner. How you do this is not put rides right next to it and make sure the logo is well seeable. This is because when you see it Alton towers want you to get that shiver down your spine that makes buzz. Also space will be needed so that when the ride is opened there is space for cues because if the advertising is done correctly then when the ride is opened their will be a big cue this is good as the more people you get on the ride the more customers have a great experience. The target audience for this ride is thrill seekers, I want all those people who buzz of going on big rides that are intense and make all those little roller coasters look like toys. The way it is advertised will determine how you thrill seekers react so if you make it look like its fast extreme and on a different level of fun then the target market will love it. Age doesn’t matter when it comes to thrill seekers because its who ever loves big rides and loves a new experience of fun and exciting rides. Gender also doesn’t matter as boys and girls and boys like rides so you can single one of them out. The ride will be aimed at any ages that are tall enough to ride it and who ever dare’s to experience this intense ride. I will aim all advertisement directly at thrill seekers those people who buzz of the rides and I will have a logo of the ride that will make the thrill seekers think that the new ride is going to taunt them and push them to there limits of thrill. It will totally directed to people who want to get that thrill so it wont be a family friendly ride it will be more directed at tens and those people who come to the park for every new ride and make sure they go on every main ride there and try to have the most thrilling day they can.

Foreign bank penetration to Nordic countries

Lars Engwall, Rolf Marquardt, Torben Pedersen, Adrian E. Tschoegl Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 11(2001) Word count 1064 Foreign bank penetration of newly opened markets in the Nordic countries Abstract Current essay is based on the research article of Lars Engwall, Rolf Marquardt, Torben Pedersen and Adrian E. Tschoegl. The authors' research examines the role of foreign banks in Nordic countries, focusing particularly on four countries – Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden.The authors reviewed regulations on foreign bank entry that may have limited the presence of foreign banks in 1970s and how the removal of barriers influenced the method of entry, as well as on survival factors. The policy of liberalization played an important role in providing new services and stimulating competition and efficiency in the domestic market of four countries. 1. Introduction The aim of the article is to determine the evolution of foreign banks in the banki ng system as a whole.On the basis of the research three hypotheses related to determinants of the foreign bank sector's share were formulated. Tschoegl (2002) identified that the Norwegian case has a number of useful characteristics in banking system. Primarily, it is a clear and recent starting point for the entry of foreign banks. Second, there is an interesting mix of entrants and abstainers, and entry strategies. Third, enough time has elapsed that one can start to observe failures and survivors.The reviewed literature is essential in Justifying the research on the topic and provides useful definitions on liability of foreignness and major sources of problems in Foreign Direct Investment ( ) However, a briet review ot liberalization history ot he Norwegian banking system and especially policies towards foreign banks, which in turn affected on entry and survival picture, could be useful. Tschoegl (2002) noted that Norway had a long history of closure to foreign banks. In the foll owing section, I consider 3 hypotheses introduced by Engwall et al. (2001).Section 3 will focus on methodological issues applied in the testing of the model. The paper ends with a few concluding comments. 2. The hypotheses H 1: the longer foreign banks have been present, the larger their market share. There is an assumption that the time trend affected on the market share of foreign ntrants. Engwall et al (2001) claimed that new foreign ventures faced liability of foreignness that had three aspects. Based on the studies of Choi et al. , (1986, 1996) the cost of operation at a distance was asserted to have less effect on expenses in banking at a distant.The issues such as operating in unfamiliar environment and establishment of relationships with clients are cases of FDI (Tschoegl, 1987) that require a long time period to build proper performance and increase the market share of foreign banks. Grosse and Goldberg (1991) suggest that FDI has become ore regional, and to benefit from re gional specialization banks should acquire specific knowledge and experience. Thus, middle-range theories state when already active in a specific region, foreign banks are likely to expand in that same region.Factors like past colonial links, language or other similarities that do not overlap with regional groupings may then become less important. H2: the market share of foreign banks should expand with a trade deficit and contract with a trade surplus According to Tschoegl (2002) the foreign banks essentially provide a fringe service ied to import trade and related activities. Likewise, Goldberg et al. , (1989) found that international trade is intensive in its use of financial services and those financial services tend to be exported along with goods.

Speech outline on why you should start a savings account Essay

Speech outline on why you should start a savings account - Essay Example Statistics: statistics shows that people have concentrated in spending their finances than saving.76% of the population which indicates that they spend their money in meeting household requirements. The data from EBRI indicate that in 2013, the savings of 51 percent of workers aged 45-54 were less than $25000. Evidence: An individual will be relieved if they have funds under a savings plan which will meet the above contingencies. It is also significant that an efficient insurance cover is taken because it will assist in the management of the unexpected financial distress. Evidence: The second reason that compels for creation of a savings account is contributing towards retirement. This involves saving for the future and earning interest that will cater for forthcoming expenses.â€Å"Is it devastating to retire without an effective pension plan?† Evidence: They benefit also because they are entitled to affordable prices and interest rates. Education is enhanced through setting aside money that will be used for further studies. This is important in the attainment of master’s and doctorate degrees and for educating children (Gillen & Levinson 200). Creation of a savings account is also significant in the process of investment protection. This is because it protects the business’s asset portfolio since these accounts caters for unexpected expenses such as induced sale of property. This should encourage investors to avoid investing their money in speculative assets in the volatile market. Individuals with savings in financial institutions are advantaged since they have the potential to venture into vast business opportunities. This is beneficial, therefore, because amassing wealth is important in the attainment of financial objectives (Claxton 87). Restating preview of points: This is because several citizens are affected by the dynamic change in the level of the economy; emergencies and retirement. This is

#5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#5 - Research Paper Example In the generic business level strategies, New York Times Company can be positioned as a leader in cost efficiency. The organization has a good and wide reputation in the industry. Therefore, it enjoys some internal efficiency that would see it have a margin that would maintain above average profits. Moreover, the internal efficiency would be instrumental in sustaining the cost to the clients since it would attract customers to purchase the product. The organization engages in standardizing the product in order to have generic goods that are satisfactory to a considerable number of clients and offer it at the lowest price. This generic strategy has been an essential tool for the company in the industry considering it is quality level. The New York Times Company offers its products at the industry’s average prices, and this has enabled it gain the share of the market. The New York Times company business problem originated from its failure to use online services earlier enough than its competitors. It is, consequently, sensible for the company to implement integrated cost leadership and differentiation strategy. This strategy is new and hybrid and had gained more weight and popularity especially in today’s increased global competition (Janice, n.d). In essence, the organization can utilize this strategy to position itself and enhance its ability to adapt faster to the technological changes. In addition, this strategy would be a more efficient core competency in the product line. It would also be useful in producing products with differentiated characteristics that are treasured by the customers and providing the product at a lower cost in comparison to those of its rivals. The airline industry is one industry in which companies have to adapt in order to earn profits continually. In this industry, it is inevitable to charge high ticket prices so as to make profits. The Southwest Airlines confronted this challenge by marketing itself as a cost leader. The

How do people respond to economic incentives Term Paper

How do people respond to economic incentives - Term Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that an incentive is referred to as something that motivates a person to execute an action. Incentives in economics can also be said of factors that alter the purchasing behavior of consumers. Economics as a science relies significantly on assumptions to model and analyzing the actual world. These assumptions can vary from the idea that people are rational, and will act to satisfy their self-interest, to the view that resources are scarce, and thus, becomes subject to laws of supply and demand. According to Deolalikar, and Jones, the economic incentive is a reward, benefit, or the cost that encourages an economic action. People do things purposely, and naturally, and expect benefits from their choices and actions. Before one decides to create something, and sell it to other individuals, similarly, before one buys anything, they are aware of the benefit they are going to get from the product. People respond to of incentives where some are un selfish. Some people are motivated by virtue of their duty, or community in which they live in, or the choices that they make. The truth, however, is that many people and corporations are motivated majorly by financial incentive or rather economic incentives. The facts become apparent when we look at the popularity and success of low-cost retailers such as Wal-Mart. This does not imply that they are bad company, but it exemplifies the current social responsibility that people bear.

The identities shaped by online games -- World of Warcraft Dissertation

The identities shaped by online games -- World of Warcraft - Dissertation Example The emergence of online identities is not a completely new concept. People have been creating public identities with the purpose of achieving goals throughout human existence (Wallen 1998, p. 52). However, the nature of the online persona is somewhat unique in that it is done with the intention of representing an ‘otherness’ through character and skills that would not be possible in the real world. Exploring the nature of this creation provides for a greater understanding of the concept of identity. Watslawik and Born (2007, p. 2) state that â€Å"ego psychoanalytical theory places the individual within a more or less nurturing social context, as contrast with the more confrontive view of classical theory wherein the individual is seen more as contesting society†. The nature of human interaction, according to Erikson’s theory, is in finding communities in which nurture is the primary benefit. While an individual seeks a community in which shared values and beliefs are experienced, or in the case of game play, shared goals, eventually it is the sense of nurture that is built that will provide the attraction to a community (Watslawik and Born 2007). The following literature review will focus on the identity as it is positioned in an online environment as a created and semi-controlled entity. This will be discussed through the created and controlled aspect, as well as how that control is not complete as the social dynamic and the real life characteristics begin to come through to the online identity. Avatar as it Becomes Part of the Community Individual and the Avatar The nature of identity is the result of a tension between conformity and individuality. In seeking to find an identity, the individual must find a position between these two oppositional forces in order to find both acceptance and individuation. This phenomenon creates an internal conflict within which the individual seeks to find a sense of self and the acceptance of self by the community (Jackson 1984, p. 203). Through following group norms, the individual seeks to find positive interaction within the context of group identification and personal differentiation. The sense of self is defined through social identities that are evolved through group behaviours and attitudes, with the individual identity evolving through perceptions and evaluations of social situations (Korostelina 2007, p. 36). Human existence has been framed through the formation of identity within the concept of race. According to Smedley (1998), the concept of race as an identifying factor has only emerged since the 17th century. Before that time culture and kinship were the ways in which people were grouped. Where in the past, occupation and city of origin identified an individual in a ethnic way, the idea of physical differences having the power to inform the identity is relatively new. In the game of World of Warcraft, actual species differences are developed in which race become s a very important aspect of the identity of the character (Hammer and Kellner 2009, p. 597). In choosing a race, the player makes the initial step towards creating an association within the game. However,

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Globalization - Essay Example Globalization is mostly related to economic globalization however this is not the case; globalization presents a much wider concept. It is a combination and amalgamation of political, economic, biological and cultural factors which are being shared and circulated globally. Globalization is a very relative term and can be used in a number of ways depending on the factor it is being applied to. For instance, if taken from an economic perspective, globalization is the removal of hindrances and barriers existing between two nations so that the flow of services, manpower and merchandise can be enhanced and taken to a higher level for the attainment of mutual benefit and progress. The concept of globalization has changed paces; it took a start in the nineteenth century and deliberated during the era of the First World War. It again accelerated in the middle of the 20th century, the reason many economists present for its varying trends is the changing attitude of the economists who sometime s backed off from this practice so as to protect the policies and regulations of their organizations. Globalization took a turn after World War II; this was due to the combined efforts of the politicians who made deliberate attempts to eliminate the borders obstructing trade. Bretton Woods Conference further paved way for this since politicians from all over the world signed the petition to carry out foreign trade and commerce and numerous institutions were also developed in order to view and invigilate the procedure of globalization. Multinationals organizations have also taken part and are responsible for its worldwide growth and development; the corporations in Europe and United States of America exchanged strategies related to science and technology and gave birth to a new era of globalization. Radio, television, music, films and all other means of media also played a great role in the exchange of cultures especially in the western countries. Two more factors that have contribut ed greatly in this regard are telecommunication which greatly enhanced the effects of this phenomenon which are even prominent in the current era. One of the greatest benefits of the intervention of technology in globalization is that it has made trade and other means of communication very accessible and easy. Globalization has not only revolutionized the economic sector but has also contributed to a great deal as far as political, social and cultural diversity is concerned. (Malcolm, 2001) ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION Globalization has both advantages and disadvantages; it has become a contentious term mainly because the disadvantages seem to overshadow the advantages. Before knowing the reason behind this issue, let’s have a look at the advantages of this controversial issue. The advantages are as stated; trade has become easier due to globalization since trade and business affairs can be carried out more easily owing to the efficient means of transportation and communicatio n. Goods and other services can be easily carried from one place to the other. The relationship between nations and states becomes more stable due to effective interaction; old rivalries can be sorted out and resolved which in turn reduces the chances of war. The trend of free trade gains popularity and

Compare and Contrast Liberalism and Socialism Essay

Compare and Contrast Liberalism and Socialism - Essay Example Liberalism on the other hand is a philosophy which is linked or associated with ideas like the individual liberty and equality. Liberalism started in the 17th century though some argue that it has roots much earlier than that. Marcus Aurelius, the emperor of Rome recognized a government which gave freedom of speech and equal rights to all its citizens (Antoninus 3).  It is often difficult to define liberalism because of its diversity and different forms (Young 24) but liberalism has attracted both, support and criticism from people with various thoughts and ideologies. In Northern America, liberalism  most nearly refers to  social liberalism  in contemporary politics. The  Liberal Party  is pointed to be a modern-liberal party (Puddington 142).  Liberalism in The United States of America  traces its history when Franklin Roosevelt was the president of the country. The  New Deal   initiated by Franklin Roosevelt influenced many American presidents in the future inc luding John F. Kennedy. Kennedy was a liberal himself and he said, "a liberal is someone who looks ahead and not behind, someone who welcomes new ideas without rigid reactions and someone who cares about the welfare of the people" (Alterman 32). When Barack Obama won the presidential elections in the year 2008, the economic ties led to the re establishment of social liberalism (Wolfe xiv) In the late 20th century, the â€Å"post industrial economy† created doubts among many about socialism which was in response to the industrial capitalism. During this era, information technology was given a higher bar than labor and material. Because of the doubt, many politicians adopted a â€Å"third way† which would preserve socialism and prevent the class based politics. Politicians who worked towards the promotion of socialism and hence the development of industrial growth includes Tony Blair, Bill Clinton and Wim Kok. (Ball & Dagger). The foremost principle of liberalism is indi vidual freedom. This freedom must be exercised in all phases of life as well as under all political and economic conditions. Socialism on the other hand presses upon an individual’s sociability. It minimizes competition and increases cooperation. Some socialists claim that when humans exploit other humans, the reason for poverty emerges through selfish motives and self interests. Thus, socialism is extremely important for the existence of markets and institutions as it promotes change. With respect to socialism, the role of the government is to make sure that the wealth is being fairly distributed among the masses. Socialism’s most important principle will only be achieved when all the workers of a state will have the same opportunity for economic equality. The relationship between socialism and liberalism is not certain. Socialism began in the 19th century with some strong ideologies and by the writings of Marx. Like liberalism, socialism also broke into many movement s after it was found (Grigsby 119).  Karl Marx did not accept the fundamental aspects of liberalism and also hoped to erase the differences between an individual and the society (Koerner 9). The allocation of resources used towards the making of useful products is socialism. The commodities or

Vagueness, Ambiguity, and Clarity in Writing Essay Example for Free

Vagueness, Ambiguity, and Clarity in Writing Essay Example 2: I was thrown from my truck as it left the road. I was later found in a ditch by a flock of wild turkeys. The vagueness about this sentence is it is not clear as to who was thrown from the truck you do not know what the writer meant. The second portion of the sentence is unclear on whether the wild turkeys are in the ditch the person is lying in or were they alongside the ditch the person was lying in. Example 3: Next Sunday a collection will be taken to help with the cost of the new altar. Anyone wanting to help to do something on the new altar can step forward and let the committee know. It is unclear actually what is being collected is it a collection of money or names in a basket to be called upon. Asking if anyone wants to do something to help on the new altar. The writer does not make it clear just what is being asked of what the â€Å"something† is on the new altar. These sentences are vague and ambiguous because it leaves too many ways that you could interpret the writers’ intent. Both vagueness and ambiguity is influenced in the understanding of these sentences because anyone could misunderstand what the writer is saying. As a writer, you must make very sure you get your ideas across clearly. The relationship between critical thinking and clear writing is that you first need to know actually what you want to say before you write it. Also you need to make sure that the research and information is accurate.

American Court System: Design and Functions

American Court System: Design and Functions In the United States, in keeping with our bicameral system of government, we have a dual court system consisting of State and Federal courts. While each system is self-contained it is possible, though infrequent, for questions of State law to finish at the United States Supreme Court. The systems and functions of the state and federal courts roughly mirror each other. The state courts system serves both trial and appellate functions and in turn, the federal court system serves these purposes at the federal level. The Federal Courts may be divided into Article III courts, and non-Article III courts. Article III courts were established by/under Article III of the United States Constitution. The Court of International Trade, District Courts (94 in 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico), Courts of Appeals (12 geographic-based and another for the Federal Circuit), and the U.S. Supreme Court are all Article III courts. Non-Article III courts include Bankruptcy Courts, Tax Court, decisions by U.S. Magistrate Judges and Administrative Law judges (ALS) in various federal agencies. United States District Courts are trial courts of original jurisdiction for federal cases with mandatory appellant jurisdiction over rulings by non-Article III courts. They adjudicate all federal crimes as well as some civil law cases. All federal felony cases are the responsibility of U.S. Magistrate judges. State Courts vary considerably from state to state. In a broad sense, they all follow the pattern, in ascending order, of state minor trial courts, state major trial courts, state intermediate appellate courts, state high courts of last resort (also known as state supreme courts), and the United States Supreme Court. State minor trial courts include Municipal courts, Justice of the Peace courts and Magisterial District Courts. These courts serve as original jurisdiction courts for misdemeanor cases, both civil and criminal traffic violations and small civil claims. State major trial courts, which may also be known as Superior Courts, Courts of common pleas and District courts, are trial courts of general jurisdiction. They are often arranged by county or groups of counties, to hear felonies and some civil cases. They sometimes have jurisdiction over minor trial courts. State Intermediate Appellate Courts are used in forty out of fifty states. They have mandatory jurisdiction over rulings by the states major trial courts. It is rare for criminal appellants to win on appeal here. State high courts of last resort have both mandatory and discretionary jurisdiction over decisions by lower state courts. This court is a major policy maker for the state due to its position as the final decider on matters of state law. The United States Supreme Court (the High Court of Last Resort in the United States) is arguably the most powerful court in the world. It has absolute control over the cases it hears via its discretionary appellate jurisdiction over decisions made by the U.S. Courts of Appeals. It has jurisdiction over the highest state courts when a question of federal law, to include federal constitutional law, is at issue. Typically, less than a third of the cases heard by the countrys highest court are criminal cases. There are eight courts in the state of Alabama and three Federal districts. Alabama Court of the Judiciary oversees judicial officers and is assembled to hear complaints of the Judicial Inquiry Commission. Alabama Probate Courts deal with matters of probate and the governance of estates. Municipal courts in Alabama handle violations of city ordinances. District courts may be either criminal or civil. District civil courts handle small claims suits. District criminal courts handle state law violations, felonies, and misdemeanors. They can also accept a guilty plea in felony cases. Alabama Circuit Courts are state trial courts of general jurisdiction and have jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases. The Alabama Court of Criminal appeals presides over appeals in criminal cases. Civil appeals are the domain of the Alabama Court of Civil appeals. At the top of the hierarchy is the Alabama Supreme Court, the states court of last resort. District courts in Alabama are in the 11th Circ uit. They trial courts of original jurisdiction over federal cases. A criminal case that goes to trial may end up using trial, appellant and supreme courts. This basic structure and sequence is the same in both state and federal courts. Trial courts of general jurisdiction hear felonies and non-small claims civil cases. They may also have appellate jurisdiction over a states minor trial courts. A case may end at this level if the defendant is convicted and does not appeal, or if he is found innocent. Appellate courts have jurisdiction over decisions made by the major trial courts. Appellate courts do not rule on guilt or innocence but rather on whether the trial was conducted properly. It is rare for a defendant to win at the appellate level. If the decision of the appellate court is challenged the case will proceed to the State Supreme court, also known as the State court of last resort. Typically, the State Supreme Court hears only a few criminal cases annually. In order to move ahead to the United States Supreme Court, a case must include a questi on of federal law or federal constitutional law. All states do not have the same court design. Part of the purpose of a dual court system is to allow states the freedom to govern themselves and to be separate and independent of the federal government. This being the case, each state has developed its own court system and terminologies that serve the people of that state. While the overall structures of the court of one state may be similar to another/others, the fact that each state has its own unique laws guarantees variations in their court systems.

Jaguar :: Papers

Jaguar Creating world class performance in a Jaguar assembly plant Introduction In recent years, many UK manufacturing and service industries have transformed their production methods and processes. Businesses that have been at the leading edge of change have prospered, leaving their competitors behind. Key ingredients in this process of change have been an emphasis on creating total quality systems that involve: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ getting it right first time at every stage of production à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ lean production to cut out waste and to simplify manufacturing systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ creating environmental management systems that guarantee: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the highest levels of environmental performance within an organisation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ excellent relationships with the local community. This case study examines ways in which Jaguar has transformed its new assembly plant at Halewood to guarantee World Class Performance in its production systems. Today, the Halewood plant is dedicated to producing the new Jaguar X' Type. This is a car for the 21st century. It has been developed as a result of feedback from a massive global consumer research programme. The programme has ensured that the car's designers, engineers and marketers remain in tune with the needs and expectations of potential customers at every stage in the car's development. Developing the site In January 1960, Ford bought the 1390 hectare greenfield site in Halewood from Liverpool corporation and the British Transport Commission. The Halewood site quickly became established as a leading car manufacturing plant and was associated particularly with Ford Escort production. When Ford acquired Jaguar in the early 1990s, Halewood also began to produce body panels for Jaguar cars. In 1998, Halewood was announced as the production site for the all new Jaguar X' Type sports saloon. It would replace Ford Escort production, which was to be phased out by 2000. Halewood was chosen to produce the X' Type because: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ existing Jaguar plant in the Midlands lacked sufficient capacity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the 'Britishness' associated with Jaguar made overseas production

The Downfall of Lady Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

The Downfall of Lady Macbeth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth is a play full of magic, mystery, and murder.   The variety of plots, as well as the interesting characters, force the reader to pay full attention at all times.   Unfortunately, one of these characters is a victim of her own imagination. Although Lady Macbeth adds much positive flavour to the play, her character is revealed through her aggressive attitude with her husband, her inhumane disregard for life, and her guilty conscience.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lady Macbeth is very assertive when dealing with her husband's hesitations about murdering Duncan:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "O never shall sun that morrow see!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Your face... is as a book where men   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   May read strange matters.   To beguile the time,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Look like the time; bear welcome in your eye,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Your hand, your tongue: look like the innocent flower   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But be the serpent under't."    This urging causes Macbeth to possess Å’black and deep desires', which lead him to   murder the king.   She takes it upon herself to pressure him and therefore, her bold character is revealed.   Macbeth's intentions would have been less serious if his wife was not more anxious than he was.   She, more than her husband, is to blame for the death of King Duncan, due to her relentless pursuit of power and authority.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lady Macbeth is a heartless fiend with an savage disregard for life. This is evident in the manner in which she downplays the murder of Duncan to her husband:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "A little water clears us of this deed;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How easy is it, then!   Your constancy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hath left you unattended...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Get on your night-gown, lest occasion call us,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And show us to be watchers.   Be not lost   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So poorly in your thoughts."    She tries to make Macbeth believe that committing the murder was not a vicious deed and that washing their hands will wash away all the guilt.   Macbeth exclaims that "all Neptune's ocean" will not wash the blood from his hands. Lady Macbeth appears at this point to be a ruthless killer working on behalf of the prince of darkness, which solidifies her character and gives the audience new insights to her psychological state.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The audience is lead to believe that Lady Macbeth will never feel any guilt concerning the murder, but her guilty conscience is displayed near the end of the play. She begins to sleepwalk and relive the murder in her mind:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Out, damned spot! out, I say!   One; two; why, then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Å’tis time to do't.   Hell is murky!   Fie, my lord--fie!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a soldier, and afeard?

Bible :: essays research papers

Childcare Management Business people love to create new opportunities, ideas, and products to make a profit. When America’s businesses added women to their workforce and with the rise of single-parent households, the need for childcare arose, which is a wonderful business opportunity for those people who see the need for affordable quality childcare and are able to envision innovative ways to provide this service. The adequacy or lack of quality childcare affects society as well as the businesses employing those who use childcare services. I picked the topic of childcare management because in the future I want to be an entrepreneur in the childcare industry. I want to research the childcare field as much as possible to learn about the unique opportunities and challenges I will face as a new business owner in the childcare industry. The business of childcare is a national problem. There are several reasons for the lack of good, affordable childcare in most communities. The lack of childcare affects the success or failure of businesses and their employees with children younger than schoolage. Some workplaces offer childcare but at such a price or with such bad service that the workers don’t want to leave their children. Some parents are forced, due to the lack of a suitable childcare facility, to leave their children unattended. Others make the decision to quit the workforce to care for their children. Another reason for the need of good of childcare facilities is the lack of adequate teachers and employee turnover in the childcare industry. This is due to lower pay, usually minimum wage, and the challenges of keeping the worker/child ratio at or greater than the law requires with the business remaining profitable. Many of the workers leave the industry in order to find better paying or less stressful jobs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of the reasons childcare is needed. It is needed. We need the support of the government, corporate America, and the children’s families to produce positive results for the communities. With the advancement of both single and second income parents into the workplace, there is a growing need for quality childcare. This could be seen as not just nine to five childcare but, childcare that could be needed day or night since corporate America runs twenty four hours a day, seven days a week. Some parents would rather work in their chosen careers and enroll their children in daycare rather than lose the income and care for the children themselves.

The Effects of teenage drug abuse

Drugs had a terrible effect on teenagers. It is a bad habit because they don’t know the consequences. When teenagers use drugs, the negative effects can be seen in family relationships, academic performance, and even criminal. Drugs use often leads to a breakdown in family relationships. First of all, teens on drugs often stop communicating with parents such as they don’t want to go anywhere with their parents because they want to stay at home and use drugs. Second, teens may lie or begin acting strangely at home to protect their drug use. For example, they don’t want anyone come inside to the room because they think the people can stolen his drugs. Finally, teens may begin to be violence. Specifically, they can hit you if you don’t give money when they ask you for more money to buy more drugs. Also Drugs affected their school. Teens may begin irresponsible in the school. First, students stop caring about schoolwork such as they don’t do their homework. Second, they may start bothering other kids at school. One consequence of drugs is they feel power for do everything. Related essay: How Teenagers Spend Their Time Essay Finally, they often skip school to be with their friends who do drugs. In particular, they think is better spending all the time with their friends who do drugs than go to school since they use drugs. If teens become addicted o drugs, they will do almost anything; sometimes even commit crimes, to get drugs. First, drugs are expensive, so teens usually run out of money to buy them such as they spend all their money they have to get more drugs. Next, they might begin stealing from their parents. One effect of drugs is they don’t have more money, for this they begin to stealing. Then they may begin to kill people such as if you don’t give money when they ask you they can kill you to get the money for buy more drugs. In conclusion, Drug is the result of bad habit and makes everyone crazy especially teenagers because drug use often leads to a breakdown in family relationships, teens may begin irresponsible in the school, and they will do almost anything like commit crimes.

David Ricardo: Law of Diminishing Returns Essay

David Ricardo, a 17 century English political economist, is considered an extremelyinfluential classical economist along with Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus. Ricardo was bornon the 27th April 1772 and helped develop key economic theories until his death on the 11thSeptember 1823 1. Ricardo grew up in a dominate English family where his father was also aneconomist, Ricardo credits his father and the reading of Adam Smith’s book The Wealth ofNations for his interest of the social science, economics2. Ricardo did not reach immediate fame,in fact it quite the opposite. It was not until age 37 when Ricardo first published his views oneconomics, after he reached the milestone of publishing his first article he continued to work anddeveloped his theories, it was ten years later, at the age 47 when most say Ricardo reached hispeak of fame. While developing economic theories Ricardo worked on the Stock Exchange inLondon, this increased his wealth, by the time he was 42 he was completely retired from theexchange and his sole focus was surrounding economic 3. In the remainder of this essay I willexamen some of Ricardo’s economic theories with a focus on the law of diminishing returns. David Ricardo is responsible for the creation as well as the development of a number ofkey economic theories which allowed past and current economist to better understand todaysever changing economy. The three accomplishments that Ricardo has received most credit for arethe labor theory of value, the law of diminishing return as well as the Barro Ricardo equivalence4. The labor theory of values are a set of theories that suggests that the value of any good orservice is equal to the amount of labor that was put in to the good or service either directly orindirectly to produce it. The labor theories of value were furthered developed by Ricardo as wellas fellow classical economists including Adam Smith, the Labor theory of value is not commonlyused in current times and instead it has been replaced with the marginal utility approach. The third law or theory that Ricardo helped develop is the law of diminishing returns, thelaw of diminishing returns is a simple theory however it is imperative that it is observed by firmsas it can cause great financial loss. According to the law of diminishing returns, while in aproduction system with fixed and variable inputs including factory size and the size of the  workforce each additional input will create a lesser and lesser output as the additional input increases6. Ricardo was an economist who was responsible for the development of the law ofdiminishing return. Ricardo developed this theory with other classical economists of his timewhich some of the most notable being Johann Heinrich von Thà ¼nen, Turgot and finally ThomasMalthus. The idea was first developed by Ricardo when he used the example of agricultureproducts to demonstrate his ideas into a working theory. All Ricardo, von Thà ¼nen, Turgot andMalthus lived in a time where land was a valuable, scares and needed. This helped this group ofeconomists develop the law of diminishing return because these economists were worries that asland was in diminishing supply this factor of production would run out and cause diminishingreturns. In order for firms to continue to grow their product they must move to location to a lessfertile location which boasts poor soil, this will lead to the agriculture firm needing to put moremoney into growth steroids for the product or good they grow. This over time with out questionwill diminish the returns received. This is how the theory that is still in place and consideredvaluable today was founded and developed by several key classical economists includingRicardo, von Thà ¼nen, Turgot and Malthus. I will now demonstrate the idea of the law of diminishing return in a example of a t-shirtproducing firm. If a shirt producing firm was to start off with one worker who can produce ten t-shirts in a hour the this workers marginal benefit would be ten. If the owner of the firm decide hewanted to increase his workforce to two workers. When the owner does this he finds that withtwo employees their output grows to a combined 25 t-shirts per hour, this gives he new employeea marginal benefit of 15. This pattern will continue until a number is met that can not keep upwith fixed variables of production. In this case we will say that the fixed factors of productionwill allow for up to three workers to be employed and be able to grow at a increasing rate. Withthree workers the group will be able to produce up to 45 t-shirts in an hour, giving the thirdworker a marginal benefit of 20. As the fixed factors of production will only be able to handlethree workers and work up to full potential. The next worker that is added will not increase theoutput at the  same level as the others would as the fixed factors of production will not be able tohandle the work load to a maximum level. The now team of 4 would be only able to make a totalof 60 t- shirts effectively rendering the fourth employes marginal benefit to be 15. The fifth willbe added, 70 t-shirts will me made in an hour and the marginal benefit will become 10 as there isa 10 unit increase in the product from when there were five workers. This downgrade willcontinue until to many workers are employed and the additional workers are have negativemarginal benefits. This is an example of what will happen once a sixth worker is added. Whenthe sixth worker is added there will be an output of 60 shirts in an hour giving the sixth workeran marginal benefit of negative 10. This is when a firm will be operating at a loss as they will bepaying an extra employee money to decrease the total output of the firm. This can be changed byletting on of the six workers go as they will then be making more out and paying less employeesthis equals more money for the firm to spend as they feel needed. This same idea can be seen inappendix I. The law of diminishing return can only take place in the in the short run. This is becausethe law of diminishing return is where you will only change one of the fixed variables ofproduction, in the case of the law of diminishing return the only factor of production that ischanged is the amount of people in the workforce therefore the law of diminishing returns takesplace only in the short run as only one factor is altered. The law of diminishing returns will also effect the firms on a long term basis, as this lawhas a effect on how much income the firm will at its disposal. The law of diminishing return hasa direct effect on the amount of money that a firm has, therefore as the law of diminishing returnplays it self out companies will be adjusting their workforce causing either an increase ordecrease in their expenditure leaving them more money to spend later on in some cases. Withthis the firm will be able to upgrade their factors of production in the long term and this willdirectly effect their performance in the long run. This is because with this extra money the firmwill receive form the firing of wasteful employees can be used to upgrade factories, fields orother factors of production. When the other  factors of production are increased in the long termthan this will allow more workers to be hired and they will be able to make more revenue as wellas increases their output. For the steak holders and management of the firm the law of diminishing returns is aninvaluable resource that is used to maximize productivity of a firm. As perviously mentioned inthis paper the law of diminishing returns is a theory that was set in place so that firms, large orsmall will be able to maximize production as well as income. This will keep the firm is businessfor time to come as well as allow it to grow substantially with out hurting its feature. This willalso allow the firm owners to become more wealthy and this will give the owners andmanagement the option of using this extra income to improve the firms factors of production. In conclusion, the law of diminishing returns is a resource that is valuable to firmsby allowing them to ensure they are working at maximum efficiency. The law of diminishingreturns is a simple yet vital theory and concept for people to understand. The basis of firms canbe built upon the law of diminishing returns and can be extremely valuable. With out such a lawor theory firms would be lost and unable to produce goods at the same rate of productively asthey do with such a law. In all this law is one that must be understood for those looking tomanage and operate a effective firm in order for the firm to stay a completive business. Works Cited -Websites-1. Cannan, Edwin. â€Å"Economic Journal.† McMaster. 23 Mar. 1998. THE ORIGINOF THELAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS. 16 Oct. 2008 . 2. â€Å"David Ricardo.† Library of Economics and Liberty. 23 Dec. 2007. 16 Oct. 2008.

Sociology and Durkheim Social Disorganization

SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION AND IT’S TYPES: DEFINITION OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION: Social Disorganization theory began around the late 1800s. Social Disorganization refers to organizations and institutions failing in communities or neighborhoods, preventing these areas from overcoming the crime and issues of the day. The social disorganization theory is a key component in the study of criminology. Theories under the umbrella of social disorganization seek to identify and predict trends in criminal or deviant behavior among groups within a social network.The effort is designed to address criminal activity and the variables that might predict undesired behavior within a community. According to Elliott and Merrill: â€Å"Social disorganization are the totality of human personalities and conscious and unconscious attitudes, their crystallized and uncrystallized ideas and institutions which in complex interrelationships make up the framework of human existences. Social organization refe rs to the way people relate themselves to one another. It also refers to the way in which person and groups making up a society are somehow held together.  Read also  Sociology and Social Integration.Social organization and social structure are interchangeable concepts both referring to any interrelated system of role and statuses. † Ogburn and Nimkoff said that: â€Å"When the harmonious relationship between the various parts of culture is disturbed, social disorganization ensues. Social disorganization implies some breakdown in the organization of society. It is a relative phenomenon. Social organization and social disorganization is the dual aspects of the whole functioning of society. The social disorganization theory attributes crime and delinquency to communities where failing communal institutions, such as family, church, local government and schools, are found. According to this theory, communal relationships reinforce positive behavior, a sense of community respo nsibility and concern for the social network within a close area. When these communal relationships are faulty or nonexistent, that social network loses a sense of organization and social responsibility, which can potentially lead to negative or even criminal behavior spreading through that neighborhood.Types of Social Disorganization: Types of social disorganization are as follow: 1. Individual disorganization 2. Family disorganization 3. Community disorganization Social disorganization is the theory that crime and dysfunctional behavior occur in societies for cultural, political and economic reasons. Established communities experience increases in crime when their way of life and the established order of how things are done changes. Generally, social disorganization is caused by lack of personal control, community control and public control.Cultural Social Disorganization: †¢Cultural social disorganization emphasizes that disorganization occurs through the failure of people t o keep up with the times. When housing, means of transport and methods of communication rapidly change in a society, beliefs, attitudes and habits do not change as quickly. Authority figures resist change and find it difficult to integrate the new circumstances into their lives. This lag can result in social disorganization and increased crime rates. Political Social Disorganization: When a country or neighborhood has a large influx of new populations, such as immigrants, or are dealing with social upheavals or wars, political corruption can threaten the stability of a society. Political social disorganization also occurs when a country becomes subordinate to another country. The subordinate country loses its ability to govern itself and develop its own institutions, leading to subsequent loss of societal values, which can result in more crime in the society. Crime rates are less prevalent in stable communities. Economic Social Disorganzation: †¢Social and natural crises can gi ve rise to economic social disorganization.Famines, floods, epidemics and other natural disasters can disrupt social balances. Disparity between desires and the money to attain those goals can also affect the rise of crime. Illegitimate means will be used when legal ways to acquire them are not available. Unfair division of labor and physical deterioration of neighborhoods were also found to result in social disorganization. Some sociologist believe that the introduction of commerce and high levels of industrialization lead to higher crime rates. With the demise of traditional norms of behavior, new forms of behavior — whether productive or not — are likely to increase.INDIVIDUAL: 1. Individual difficulties such as physical, social, mental handicaps which may or may not lead to social disorganization. 2. Certain handicaps as a result of which the individual becomes habituated to some social vice. This ultimately affects his life organization as well as others in the co mmunity bringing social disorganization in the society. 3. Biological and physical factors which without proper control through modern technology creates problem of mass disorganization. 4. Decay in the existing institutions whether educational, religious, recreational, family, etc which ultimately affects the community. . Change in values and conflicts in role due to the rapid spread of technology, industrialization, urbanization and mass communication creating problems of national disorganization. When a number of individuals suffer from a similar type of disorganization, a social problem is in existence. In other word, individual disorganization, social problem, and social disorganization are closely interrelated to each other. Here individual disorganization may arises because of various factors such as biological, environmental, loss of security crisis in life, there can be two possibilities: 1.Individual disorganization may grow independent of social disorganization. For insta nce, if a person has ill health or is unable to meet his social demands it may leads to his physical or nervous breakdown and upset his personal plans and life schemes. 2. Suppose an individual is a leader or occupies a strategic position in society, which is often the case, then any disorganization in him leads to social disorganization if not checked. Each such disorganized such individual affects other individuals and in so doing produces social disorganization.According to Elliott and Merrill all type of personal maladjustment represent in one way or another, the inability of the individual to achieve a satisfactory life organization from the point of view of the social definition of his social patterns. 1. The behavior of the disorganized person deviates from the culturally approved norms. 2. His behavior arouses social disapproval which may vary from mild to marked (and even violence one. ) 3. The disorganized person may respond to social disapproval in two ways, i. e. positiv ely or negatively. Individual and Society: Social disorganization in a simple society:The social change, social disorganization and personal disorganization have their genesis in the variant behavior of the individuals. In simple societies, however deviations in behavior is minimum. Therefore there is a little awareness of their existence by the group. New coordination is made both for the society and for the individual with a minimum of stress and strain. Social disorganization in a complex society: The functioning of three important factors is commonly held responsible for spontaneous variations in behavior. They are – the specialized functioning inherent in complex society.The family as a culture defining agency and cultural participation outside the particular social order. The result is the emergence of a wide variety of various response patterns out of which develops disorganization both in society and individual. Some innovations find ready acceptance because they are related to those aspect of culture which are found outside institutional pattern. Innovations in mores, ideas and beliefs often meet with social disapproval because they vary from the accepted pattern. In simple society people revamp the discordant elements to the degree that their variance is no longer apparent.Innovations which meet with organized resistance tend to result in marked social disorganization. All positive response to social disapproval does not result in attempts to explain the variant behavior in terms of the welfare of the group. Social disorganization is the inevitable result until such time as the new behavior pattern loses group support or becomes incorporated into the social order. When however social disapproval of variations is met negatively by retreat into a world of fantasy there is no corresponding social disorganization except to the extent to which the individual becomes a threat to the safety of society and its members.This point of view does not deny the causative role of social organization in the production of personal disorganization. All social change involves some social disorganization. It is important to think of social disorganization related to those aspects of social change which result in the disturbance and revamping of social institutions and of the patterns of interrelationship between them. In the same way the social responses of the individual are always in flux. But only when changes take place in the individual's pattern of adjustment to social situations which arouse social disapproval that one may speak of personal disorganization.Personal disorganization represents the behavior of the individual which deviates from the social norms. It results in social disapproval which may express itself in a wide variety of degree. The individual may also react in different ways. Social reality presents an endless confusion of social disapproval from time to time. It may be mild or violent. Accordingly individuals respond either positively or negatively to social disapproval. The most visible aspect of personal disorganization in complex societies is that in which there is mild social disapproval to which the individual responds positively.This kind of personal disorganization does not deeply disturb the social order. The second aspect of social disorganization is that in which there is violent social disapproval and yet the individual responds positively. In the third aspect in which the individual's response to social disapproval is subjective the person retreats into an individually defined inner world. His innovations lose their social character. He becomes enmeshed in the development of mechanisms which further isolate him from the normal influences of group life.This type of personal disorganization results in psychosis through which the individual tries to escape from the web of social relations and in suicide. Social disorganization consists of the co-ordination of individual responses as a result of the operation of consensus and control. Personal organization refers to the coordination and integration of the attitude systems within the personality. A change in the cultural context which destroys the functioning of coordination that constitutes the social order represents social disorganization.Similarly any variant behavior which disturbs the integration of the attitude systems within the personality represents personal disorganization. Social disorganization is the inevitable result until such time as the new behavior pattern loses group support or becomes incorporated into the social order. When however social disapproval of variations is met negatively by retreat into a world of fantasy there is no corresponding social disorganization except to the extent to which the individual becomes a threat to the safety of society and its members. This point of view does not deny the causative ole of social organization in the production of personal disorganization. All soci al change involves some social disorganization. It is important to think of social disorganization related to those aspects of social change which result in the disturbance and revamping of social institutions and of the patterns of interrelationship between them. In the same way the social responses of the individual are always in flux. But only when changes take place in the individual's pattern of adjustment to social situations which arouse social disapproval that one may speak of personal disorganization.Depression and Disorganization: There are many medical conditions that can contribute to a disorganized and chaotic life. The most common is depression. A depressed person is usually apathetic, lethargic, disinterested, and this can lead to disorganization. Mental Disorder: Other mental problems such as bipolar disorder, dementia, and schizophrenia are all included under the mental umbrella that can cause a chaotic life. Besides depression and mental disorders, grief and pain c an also lead to mounds of clutter. Emotional Clutter and Disorganization:Another reason why people suffer from disorganization is because their emotional and social lives are cluttered. The psychological feeling of being overwhelmed can lead to a disorganized life. In these cases time management and acknowledging priorities are two possible cures for eliminating disorganization. ADD and Disorganization: Attention deficit disorder plays a huge factor in a person's ability to get organized. People who have problems with organization and planning should be checked for ADD disorder. Organization and planning are two of the biggest challenges for those suffering from attention deficit disorder.Unfortunately, standard organizing practices normally don't work for those with ADD and specialized strategies must be developed so that a person can get their life in order. Misconceptions: Most people attempt to solve disorganization by purchasing products and tools, but the Institute of Living, located in Hartford, Conn. , says this may not work. According to the Institute of Living, disorganization is commonly not a house problem that can be solved with buying bins, organizers, hangers and other household accessories, but rather a personal problem that can only be solved when the individual fundamentally changes his behavior.Causes of Social Disorganization: According to Maclver and Page five main factors such as psychological, biological, physical, technological and culture bring about social change. When the changes brought about these factors in the social structure are so disturbing that the present institution and other means of social control are no longer able to control them by adjusting themselves to the new situations there arise social disorganization. Factors of social disorganization at a particular period are so interrelated that it is difficult to find which factor is predominant.Elliott and Merrill observe that in order to understand the full implications of a study of social disorganization we must keep in mind the complex nature of all social phenomena. Out of man's fruitless search for unique causes has come recognition of the multiple factors which account for such characteristics of modern society as the decline in the acceptance of revealed religion the changing structure of the family, the increasing importance of the central government, and the lowering standards of morality. Others would rely on a reconstructuction of the fundamental economic institutions to bring about the changes.Still another group insists that the basis of all human woe lies in the biological field. Each of these groups however ignore the selective nature of the interpretation while on the other hand any realistic social understanding must consider all the factors related to the particular manifestation of social disorganization which is under investigation. Elliott and Merrill has described the four main causes for the disorganization- †¢The social processes under the three main heads-cultural, political and economic †¢Cultural lag Conflicting attitudes and values †¢Social crises Social disorganization is mainly due to cultural degeneration of values in various spheres such as art, science, philosophy, religion, law and politics. According to Karl Mannheim unplanned capitalism and policy of laissez faire are responsible for social disintegration in the present age which Bertrand Russell observes that â€Å"the lack of adjustment in institutions based on authority in the past is responsible for the present social disorganization. † G.R Medan has listed a few factors responsible for disorganization. †¢Psychological factors:- The cause of social disorganization is to be found in the human psychology itself. Psychological factors contribute to disorganization in two ways:- (a)Failure to maintain proper communication among fellow beings. (b)Failure to modify or change one's attitudes in tune with demands of t ime. †¢Cultural lag:- Cultural lag is the concept used by W. E. Ogburn refers to the imbalance in the rate and speed of change between the material cultural and non-material culture.Objects of material culture such as mode of housing, means of transport and communication, types of dresses, patterns of ornaments, technical and mechanical devices, instruments change very quickly. But ideas, beliefs, attitudes, taste, philosophies, habits, ideologies, institutional structures and such other aspects of non-material culture change slowly and gradually. Hence a gap or a lag arises between the material and non-material culture. This lag referred to as cultural lag invites the process of disorganization to set in. †¢Physical or geographic factors:-The adjustment of man and his culture to certain extraordinary physical or geographic conditions or situations may cause disorganization in society. This is especially true in the case of natural calamities such as storms, cyclones, hurr icanes, famines, floods, epidemics etc which upset the social balance and bring in social disorganization. †¢Biological factors:- Population explosion or extreme scarcity of population the instances of racial intermixture, defective hereditary traits and such other biological factors may also cause disorganizing effects upon society. †¢Ecological factor:-Social disorganization is related to environment in terms of regions and neighborhoods. †¢Social problems leading to social disorganization:- Social problems and forces such as a revolution, social upheaval, a class struggle, a financial or economic crisis, a war between nations, mental illness, and political corruption threaten the welfare of the society. †¢Degeneration of values:- Social values are often regarded as the sustaining forces of society. They contribute to the strength and stability of social order. But due to rapid social change new values come up and some of the old values decline.At the same time people are not in a position to reject the old completely and accept the new altogether. Hence conflict between the old and the new is the inevitable result of which leads to the social disorganization. †¢Disintegration and confusion of roles:- Members of society are expected to perform certain definite roles in accordance with their placements in society. Due to profound social changes these expectations also undergo change. Consequently people are confused with regard to their new roles. †¢Political subservience:- Political subordination of a country will result in social disorganization.The subordinate country is not permitted to develop its economy and institutions independently and is made as a means to serve the interest of the dominant country. †¢Conflict of goals and means:- Conflict of goals and means for achieving them may also cause disorganization. Most of the individuals share the dominant goals of the society and act accordingly. But lacking the means f or achieving the goals by legitimate means some may resort to illegitimate and illegal means resulting in vice, crime and other expression of social disorganization. †¢Decline of social control:-The declining control of religion, morals, customs, traditions and other institutions on the behavior of men has also enhanced the process of disorganization. There is an increase in interpersonal conflicts, crimes, tensions, divorce, delinquency, mental derangement etc. According to Thomas and Znaniecki the very decrease of the influence of existing rule of behavior upon the individual members of the group itself indicates social disorganization. †¢Extreme divisions of labor:- According to Durkheim social disorganization is often brought about by extreme division of labour.In normal course according to him division of labor leads to social solidarity may become disturbed. †¢Disruptive social change:- Society undergoes change mainly due to the operation of physical, biological , technological and cultural factors. Sudden and radical social changes may disrupt the stability and the organization of the society. The result is social disorganization. Prevention/Solution: According to the National Study Group on Chronic Disorganization, a person who finds herself continuously surrounded by mess and should seek help and work with a professional organizer who is knowledgeable about disorganization issues.A person who is able to get organized can experience better mental and physical health. Organization places a person in a more productive environment that is conducive to enhancing his quality of life. Conclusion: Disorganization can cause havoc in a person's life. There are multiple reasons that a person can have a disorganized life. In some cases a disruptive life event is to blame for disorganization. Events like relocation, a new baby, or even a loss can all affect the organization of one's environment. Other times an emotional or mental disorder is contribu ting to the disorganization.Disorganization can also be brought on by something as diminutive as a change in mindset. The studies reviewed above indicate that social disorganization is an important predictor of youth violence and crime, and that social disorganization has its impact on youth violence and crime by affecting a number of mediating processes that facilitate youth violence. The findings also indicate that researchers and practitioners need to consider the linkages between economic deprivation and social disorganization when attempting to explain the genesis of youth violence.In attempting to attenuate youth violence, a number of policy implications are suggested by social disorganization theory. REFERENCES: http://www. sociologyguide. com/social-pathology/personal-disorganization. php http://books. google. com. pk/books? id=MXpiJWE7m5cC=PA32=PA32=INDIVIDUAL+DISORGANIZATION+in+india=bl=mLW-FbCxK5=BGnlIeTBCwenAz4t_NtYJykxu5c=en=X=bQJrUZbYLK6P7Ab874HgAw=0CEMQ6AEwAw#v=onepag e=INDIVIDUAL%20DISORGANIZATION%20in%20india=false FAMILY DISORGANIZATION Many marriages don't live up to high expectations, of people and families, so they break down or are violent.Some believe these are exceptional problems, but feminists believe it's because of male/female inequities. Family is the universal social institution, of all the institutions, it is most multifunctional, inspite of the fact that in some societies many of its previous functions have been partially taken over by other institutions. In many societies, including Pakistani society, the family is still the principal agency for social control and for educational, religious, protective, recreative and other institutional functions.Family: Sampson (1986) indicates that social disorganization may have an effect on youth violence through its effects on family structures and stability. He suggested that traditional social disorganization variables may influence community crime rates when taking into account the effe cts of levels of family disruption. This may occur by (1)removing an important set of control structures over youths’ behaviour, and (2)creating greater opportunities for criminal victimization (i. e. , through the lack of capable guardianship).Essentially, Sampson (1986) recognized the relationship of social disorganization theory to control theory and routine activities/lifestyle theory. To test his assertions, Sampson (1986) used three measures of family structure. First, he included a measure of the per cent of residents in a neighbourhood who were ever married and who were either divorced or separated. The second measure of family structure was the per cent of female-headed families. Finally, he included a measure of the per cent of primary or single-headed households.His analyses revealed that, independent of the traditional social disorganization variables, the family structure variables each had a direct significant effect on community crime rates. Thus, Sampsonâ€⠄¢s work identified an important and additional source of social disorganization (implicit in the work of Shaw and McKay) that had been previously overlooked by empirical studies. McNulty and Bellair (2003) also investigated the importance of family processes within the social disorganization tradition.This study integrates theory and research in criminology and urban sociology to specify a contextual model of differences in adolescent violence between whites and five racial-ethnic groups. The model presented views these differences as a function of variation in community contexts, family socioeconomic well-being, and the social capital available to adolescents and families. Data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey (1988 to 1992), which included information on 14,358 adolescents across 2,988 US locales, were matched with community-level data from the 1990 US census to test the resulting model.The white-black disparity in adolescents’ fighting is explained by highe r levels of disadvantage in the communities in which black children often live. The disadvantage index accounted for the largest reduction in the black effect on fighting, reflecting the well-documented concentration of disadvantage in black communities. Importantly, and in agreement with the importance of family processes for social disorganization theory, the results indicate that the effect of concentrated disadvantage on fighting is mediated by more proximate processes that are linked to family well-being.Tolan, Gorman-Smith and Henry (2003) employ data from a longitudinal study of 284 African-American and Latino adolescent boys and their caregivers, living in poor urban communities, to test a developmental-ecological model of violence. Six annual waves of data were applied to evaluate the relations between microsystem influences of parenting and peer deviance, macrosystem influences of community structural characteristics and neighbourhood social organization, and individual in volvement in violence. Structural equation modelling analyses showed that community structural characteristics significantly predicted neighbourhood social processes.Importantly, it was found that parenting practices partially mediated the relation between neighbourhood social processes and gang membership. Consistent with the above research that social disorganization may influence the level of youth violence through its effect on family processes, other researchers have found that family processes may be used to mitigate the deleterious effects of social disorganization. Burfeind (1984), for example, examined the role of the family, within a larger social context, as it relates to delinquency.This study focused on 1,588 non-black junior and senior high school students in the US. Burfeind analyzed the interactive effects of five family dimensions in relation to four other causal variables commonly associated with delinquency involvement: community social disorganization, delinquent friends, attachment to peers, and delinquent definitions. Analysis revealed that family factors influenced delinquency in different ways. The level of an adolescent’s attachment to the father was found to be independently related to delinquent activity after controlling for all other effects (independent and interactive).Paternal discipline had an interactive effect on delinquency, such that the type of paternal discipline influenced the effect that community social disorganization and the number of delinquent friends had on delinquency. Sampson (1992) has attempted to consolidate the empirical findings that relate social disorganization to family processes and then to delinquency and youth violence. In so doing, he has developed a community-level theory of social disorganization, which places primary emphasis on family management practices and child health and development.He notes that the embeddedness of families and children in a community context is a central feature of the theory. Prenatal care, child abuse prevention, monitoring and supervision of youth, and other family management practices are intertwined with community networks of social organization. Social disorganization directly and indirectly influences the care of children and other family processes, and ultimately, rates of delinquency and crime FAMILY DISORGANISATION This describes breakdown, due to functional failure and role failure. Causes and effects of disorganization include: Death, disability or serious illness. †¢Births outside marriage. †¢Divorce, separation, desertion of living in an empty-shell marriage (partners live together but really all over). †¢Conflict, including abuse/neglect. †¢Disruption caused from outside by unemployment, war, imprisonment or persecution. CAUSES OF AN INCREASING DIVORCE RATE †¢Big increase since sixties. One in three in divorce. reasons include: CONSEQUENCES OF AN INCREASING DIVORCE RATE †¢More one parent families, c ohabiting, remarriage, step-parents, and reconstituted families, where both married before and both bring children to the new union. Increased welfare dependence. †¢Disadvantaged children, a subject of debate. †¢Decline in the importance of family IS THE FAMILY IN DECLINE? Arguments predicting decline: †¢It failed, oppressive (Leach), encourages violence (Dobash and Dobash), exploits women (Bernard). Supporters of the nuclear family condemn decline of family values (e. g. Marslands attack on single mothers). †¢Arguments against decline (by functionalist supporters of the family). †¢Divorce is because of higher expectations, so people think more of marriage as an institution. Divorce is the failure of individual marriages, not families in general. †¢Remarriage suggests discontent with a person, not an institution. †¢Serial monogamy (multiple marriages over a lifetime) and reconstituted family are change in structure, not decline in the family itself . †¢Other Views †¢ Marxist: Family changes as capitalism develops but continues to reproduce inequality. Feminist: Family changes but continues to exploit women. You need to be able to tell the difference between family and household, reality and ideal, etnhic and other forms of diversity. DEFINING FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS No agreed definition. Common characteristics are: oliving together oeconomic cooperation oreproduction osocialization of children. †¢A household is a group who live together or share aspects of life eg. eating together. †¢Nuclear families, are parents and immature children. Murdock argues this this is universal. †¢Extended families, add kin. †¢Ideal family, approved model by society. Other types might be frowned upon. Feminists say ideal family been promoted to exploit women. †¢Attitudes and language change. Lone parent families used to be (disapprovingly) unmarried mothers and children.DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD â₠¬ ¢Includes many one person, childless couples, unmarried with or without children, remarried sometimes with third outside person. †¢Many live in more than one nuclear family throughout life. Most live in variety of family and household arrangements during their lifetimes. IDEOLOGY OF THE FAMILY Ideology is a set of beliefs that forward a particular group, or their interests. Marxists and feminists referred to the ideology of the family. Increasing the pressure to have a happy family. ETHNIC DIVERSITYStudies often by outsiders confirming stereotypes. They do vary according to class, religion and individual factors though. Why are there distinctive patterns of family life? Economic influences – History of slavery may have encouraged female-led afro-Caribbean family. Unemployment may have encouraged persisting extended families. Cultural differences – more likely to persist if a group maintains a distinct language and religion. Discrimination and disadvantage â€⠀œ Racism encourages keeping distinct culture. Westwood and Bhachu (1988), say family is a main strength and resistance.

Automobile Air Pollution Essay

Efforts to improve the standard of living for humans, through the control of nature and the development of new products have also resulted in the pollution of the environment. Much of the world’s air, water, and land is now partially poisoned by pollution. Some places have become uninhabitable. This pollution exposes people all around the globe to new risks from disease. Many species of plants and animals have become endangered or are now extinct. The air pollution comes from lots of sources but the paper will be about air pollution cause by automobiles. As a result of tremendous amount of air pollution, primarily for automobile governments have passed laws to limit or reverse the threat of environmental pollution. There are lots of sources other than the automobile for air pollution. Nature itself is one of the causes. Sometime nature causes the air pollution by activities like a forest fire, volcanic, hurricane. These are temporary dislocations that nature balances and accommodates to modern economic development, however, sometimes disrupts nature’s delicate balance. The other source is from factories. Factories are release smokes and chemical in the air. In many places smoke from factories and cars combines with naturally occurring fog to form smog and create a midday sky. It had happened in London, â€Å"London, England, has been subjected to the danger of smog, long recognized as a potential cause of death, especially for elderly persons and those with severe respiratory ailments† (pollution). Transportation by car though, is the major source of air pollution. Early in the century human invented, internal combustion engine, engine that use fuel as gasoline or diesel. Those engines were used to manufacture an automobile for fast travel from one place to another. Because they were not much in use, those few cars were not enough to threat the environment. Those engines were not fast enough so mastermind humans invented bigger and faster engines and those take more fuel. When these engines burn fuels they introduce smoke and other, less visible, by products. Once they are released into the air, the products of incomplete combustion, particulate matter (soot, ash, and other solids), unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, various nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead, undergo a series of chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight. The result is the dense haze characteristic of smog. â€Å"Smog may appear brownish in color when it contains high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, or it may look blue-gray when it contains large amounts of ozone† (Danger). The cumulative effect of air pollution poses a grave threat to humans and the environment. Smog causes number of children and elderly to die because children’ lungs are still developing, also they breath more rapidly than adults, and they play outdoor. Most elderly people loose the red cells that cause diseases to go out of control. That lead them to the development of chronic lung diseases. † The costs of air pollution are enormous. The American Lung Association sites sulfur-dioxide exposure as the third leading cause of lung disease after active and passive smoking† (Justification) Air pollution does not only cause health hazard but also cause acid rain to fall. Acid rain causes damage to structure or life. Plants and animal marine animal are most effected by acid rain. Acid rain or snow pollute the water and soil the major source for plants and marine species to survive. Acid rain or snow falls when sulfur dioxide emissions from exhaust of an internal combustion engine combine with particles of water in the atmosphere. â€Å"In Canada, Scandinavia, and the northeastern United States, acid rain is blamed for the deaths of thousands of lakes and streams† (Acid rain). Another new and troubling form of air pollution comes from a variety of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons, also known as CFCs. For many years it was used by automobile industries. These chemicals were used in the air conditioning systems of the car. CFCs takes decade to get in the upper atmosphere but when it gets there it combines with other molecules. Then, by attaching themselves to molecules of ozone, CFCs transform and destroy the protective ozone layer. The result has been a sharp decline in the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. â€Å"At ground level, ozone is a threat to our lungs, but in the upper atmosphere ozone works as a shield to protect against ultraviolet radiation from the sun† (Ozone). If the ozone shield gets too thin or disappears, exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause crop failures and the spread of epidemic diseases, skin cancer, and other disasters. The automobile has a big impact on over our environment. Today we have trillions of automobiles on the road. Each car produce smoke and chemicals that hazardous to our world. Sometimes people take that threat seriously and they try to find solution. It is necessary to burn fuel completely because unburn fuel release more chemicals than burned fuel. Most new cars have two oxygen sensors that monitor and control the burning of fuel (Toyota Eng. ). I think problem is that as oxygen sensors age, their warm-up response slows considerably. Even government says, â€Å"The major cause of air pollution is the internal-combustion engine of automobiles. Gasoline is never completely burned in the engine of a car, just as coal is never completely burned in the furnace of a steel mill† (EPA). Other than two oxygen sensors some engineers came up with electric. These cars are good for our environment because they do not use gasoline as fuel. Even they don’t produce any smoke. It has some problem with it too like electric cars need to recharge more often and the are not fast enough. The other problem is that after while the batteries needs to replace. You imagine if trillion cars need to replace batteries than it will fill our safe chemical deposal sites in few years than we have more chemical waste in our environment. The solar cars are not that bad in the futuristic problems but cars aren’t fast enough. â€Å"Air pollution has been the target of some of the most complicated and far-reaching legislation ever enacted. In 1970, the United States Congress passed legislation aimed at curbing sources of air pollution and setting standards for air quality. A few years later, Congress passed laws designed to phase out the use of lead as an additive in gasoline† (EPA). That helped us because the level of lead in the average American’s bloodstream has declined. We still didn’t do much about cause of acid rain and it is continually debated in North America and throughout Europe. â€Å"In late 1987, more than 20 nations signed an agreement to limit the production of CFCs and to work toward their eventual elimination† (EPA).