Smoking in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking in the Workplace - Essay Example Although the rationale behind non-smoking was almost always health reasons, these non-smokers were unjustly exposed to smoking through their addictive peers or customers. The effects of second-hand smoking are also adverse. However, when these non-smokers were forced to work in smoking conditions, they really had no choice but to conform. Like any other workplace, where health and safety are the responsibility of an employer, restaurants and bars also have an obligation to provide a healthy and safe working environment for all their employees. Taking an example of a construction worker, the employee is aware of the risks involved in working for a construction company. However, it is the responsibility of the construction company to provide safe working conditions, so that these risks can be minimized; and sufficient protection against accidents, so that the resulting injuries can be avoided. Similarly, for a restaurant/bar employee, the risks of working in such an environment will be known, but the protection against those risks is the responsibility of the employer. Here, the restaurant owner will face a dilemma in deciding between satisfying its customers by allowing them to smoke and providing his employees with a safe working environment. The employer should safeguard the interest of his employees, although some smokers will be forced to boycott the restaurant. However, in the long run, people will get used to it and will start visiting the restaurant again for its quality of service and food (Frumkin, 2003). By banning smoking, the employer will not have to worry about the health and safety requirements related to second-hand smoking. Second-hand smoking may also affect the productivity of employees. For smokers, smoking provides a sense of comfort and delight. However, for non-smokers, it can be a source of constant irritation. This, in turn, may affect

Social Capital and how it Influences Migration Essay Example for Free

Social Capital and how it Influences Migration Essay Several scholars have given varying definitions of the term social capital. Social capital is a term used to refer to: â€Å"features of social organization such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit† (Putman 67). Fukuyama, another scholar, refers to it as an instantiated norm that is informal in nature and promotes cooperation among the members (1). Among the various definitions suggested by different scholars, the key notion they all agree to; is that social capital can only be present within relationships (Fukuyama 1). In these relationships, co-operation is facilitated by shared norms and understanding among the individuals involved for mutual benefit. Unlike human capital that is attributed to an individual, the whole concept of social capital involves social connectedness, neighborliness, civic involvement, trust, reciprocity and norms of co-operation. Researchers have been able to prove individuals with high levels of social capital tend to have higher educational achievements, better health, better jobs and less criminal activities. Social capital is a result of co-operation among individuals who share a similar status within the situation, have common objectives and are guided by particular customs. Certain aspects of the social structure facilitate social capital, aspects such as common historical backgrounds and shared religion. Repeated community interactions lead to the rising of numerous co-operative norms that set the basis for spontaneous generation of social capital. The shared norms and beliefs that persons ought to or ought not to act in a certain way determine the extent to which individuals interacts, for example vacating a seat for an expectant woman on the bus. From time to time, people experience social needs that they have to satisfy. Socially, an individual is helpless if left all by himself and must interact wi th other in order to generate social capital to satisfy his needs. Human needs that are non-social in nature and can be satisfied without assistance from other individuals are very few making the satisfaction of both social and non-social products of a single process. Fukuyama asserts that: shared historical experience can shape informal norms and produce social capital (16). Individuals with similar historic backgrounds tend to share a set of norms that in turn lead to co-operation amongst themselves. Religion is a significant contributor to the larger social capital theory by setting some common grounds for co-ordination among its followers. Over the years, religious institutions have been governed by a set of regulations that its members have to adhere to giving rise to certain norms among the community of members. Sometimes social capital is generated for specific purposes; Individuals may create social networks that will enable him/her achieve a specific objective. Reciprocity norms results in the generation of social capital as it creates in an individual the need and willingness to help others. The desire for better living has also facilitated the generation of social capital where Individuals can acquire and accumulate other forms of capital through social capital. Both formal and informal networks form the basis of social capital concept. Alberto Douglas confirm that there has been the emergence of social structures based on kinship or friendship. Those related socially to migrants; current migrants or former migrants can access social capital significantly increasing their likelihood of migration (Alberto, Douglas, et al1272). The hypothesis has been time and again invoked to give an insight to the concentration of particular types of migrants in certain areas and the magnitude of their migration. Migration is facilitated by Migrant Networks; interpersonal connections that link migrants, non-migrants, and former migrants to one another th rough shared community origin. (Alberto, Douglas, et al., 1262). These set of networks are as a result of the already generated social capital. International migration is further fueled by core families already settled in which out-migrants cohere and the established social institutions campaigning in favor of migration. This kind of a connection increase the chances of International migration since the cost and risk involved in the movement is substantially lowered. Chances of out-migration increase each time a relation relocates to a different location. â€Å"Over time migrant networks become self-sustaining as a result of the social capital that they provide to prospective migrants† (Alberto, Douglas, et al., 1286). This fact is commonly observed among siblings where the younger siblings are more likely to follow suit after the elder ones. The migrant families over time establish themselves first by building social networks among themselves and then with the rest of the local population as they accumulate experiences. The migrant grows to the point where it can sustain itself and continues to admit more migrants into its social relationship. This kind of setup is a social tie the makes it simple for the out-migrants to settle in as it provides a link between sending and receiving communities. Through social network with relatives or friends, the migrants can secure housing, jobs or even financial assistance. Complementary social roles and interpersonal relationships maintained by an informal set of expectations and prescribed behavior keep in bondage both migrants and non-migrants through social capital. This kind of social capital generates over time by virtue of being in a similar region under similar circumstances and not by the migratory process. Through such social ties, those left behind by the migrants can mitig ate the loneliness of having a loved one away from them. The migrants also draw upon these ties to share the often, not so favorable conditions of life in exile. The types of social capital people generate while relating to each other are very multidimensional in nature. Different network structures present a different social capital, the goal to be achieved being the determining factor. Social capital can be specific in nature when it is generated specifically to satisfy a given situation, i.e.; some kinds of ties are more important for the attainment of particular goals. This network is only instrumental in the achievement of the task. For example, sales managers sitting to strategize on the means to boost the sales of a new product through promotions. Close ties are often than not general social capital and are in most cases informal promoting the well-being of the individual members. Example, offering advice, spiritual support et. Cetera. References Alberto Palloni, Douglas S. Massey, Michael Spittel, Kristin Espinosa, Miguel Ceballos and Michael Spittel. â€Å"Social Capital and International Migration.†American Journal of Sociology. 106. 5 (2001): 1262-1298. PrinDouglas Massey, Rafael Alarcon, Jorge Durand, Humberto Gonzales. Return to Aztlan: The social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico. Berkeley: University of California press, 1987. Print.Francis Fukuyama. â€Å"Social Capital and Civil Society.†Conference on Second Generation. (1999): web 15 Nov. 2008. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/fukuyama.htmPettigrew, T. F. Annual Review of Psychology† Intergroup contact theory. 49.2 (1998):65-85. Print. Putnam, R. â€Å"America’s declining social capital Journal of Democracy† Bowling Alone.6.1 (1995): 65-78. Print. Source document

The Recurring Theme of Death in the Poetry of Philip Larkin. Essay

The Recurring Theme of Death in the Poetry of Philip Larkin. In reading the poetry of Philip Larkin for the first time, one is struck by the characteristically glum atmosphere that pervades most of his poems. The vast majority of his verse is devoted to what is generally taken to be negative aspects of life, such as loneliness and dejection, disappointments, loss, and the terrifying prospect of impending death. Evidently, there are uplifting and humorous sides to his work as well, but for certain reasons Larkin is invariably identified with a downhearted, pessimistic temper and tone of voice, conveying a constant sense of failure and of disappointment that underlies all the more specific emotions and reflections of individual poems. Frequently, Larkin is just sad, and one is amazed then at the wide range of things and events, from money ('Money': 'I listen to money singing It is intensely sad.' (198)), to a delayed plane ('Autobiography at an Air-Station', where the person obviously had hoped to leave before sunset, but cannot, because his machine is several hours delayed. When he says: 'I set So much on this Assumption. Now it's failed' (78), this response would appear a little oversensitive, did not the title indicate that something more is being dealt with here than just an afternoon at the airport), that can depress him. Larkin can be violently energetic as well, and so deep is his embitterment at times that he believes himself to be maliciously tricked out of something he had originally been entitled to - although he is very vague about who or what it was that cheated him, or the nature of his initial hopes. An illustrative case in point is the title of his second substantial volume of verse, ... ...is no sense of human contact and interaction, or want of it. For Larkin, a sense of loss seems to be inevitable as life goes on, and his fatalistic - and somewhat bewildering - contention is that the course of one's life is essentially independent of one's actions. However, Larkin does not explicitly point the finger at one person, group or institution, although he comments on parents, society and love as being flawed in other poems. Larkin's message of his poetry, coupled with the recurring theme of death, is that things just happen to be the way they are, without anyone particularly wanting them to be so - a conclusion that furthermore is very much in line with Larkin's fatalistic frame of mind. WORKS CITED 1 Larkin history found on www.philiplarkin.com (Philip Larkin Society) 2 Larkin, Philip. Collected Poems. London: The Marvell Press, 1988.

The Process of Successful Change

The Process of Successful Change Norma Taylor HCS 325 July 10, 2012 The Process of Successful Change There are many responsibilities involved with the title of manager. Implementing and rolling out change to your employees can be overwhelming. There are different techniques used to ensure a smooth, uneventful transition to change. Some techniques are not as useful and successful as others, depending on what type of change is involved. Motivational techniques to implement change in a company are not an easy task, but it is possible.Expectancy theory, two-factor theory, goal-setting theory, and equity theory are a few different techniques that I would use in my company. The expectancy theory is a unique way to motivate employees during a time of change. Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory suggests that â€Å"people will do what they can do when they want to do it† (Lombardi & Schermerhorn, 2007). This theory depends on three different factors: Expectancy, Instrumentality, an d Valence. Expectancy is the belief that working hard will result in a desired level of task achieved.Instrumentality is defined as a person’s belief that successful performance will be rewarded and has other good outcomes. Valance is the value a person assigns to the possible rewards and other work related outcomes. There are pros and cons to the expectancy theory. One pro is that this theory is a commonly recognized for supporting an employee’s decision-making method. A shortcoming of this theory is that it has numerous elements that may make this theory not as successful. For example, this theory does not take the emotional state of the individual into consideration.The individual's personality, abilities, skills, knowledge as well as previous experiences are factors that may affect the outcome of this model. The expectancy theory of motivation is a â€Å"perception† based model. The manager needs to guess the motivational force (the value) of a reward for an employee. The theory can be difficult to implement in the group environment (Leadership-Central. com, 2012). As a leader using the expectancy theory, I would set realistic goals for the employees. In addition, I would also ensure that they are setting realistic goals for themselves.Failure to set a realistic goal will result in a low motivation as the expectancy will yield a low result. Rewards are a form of motivation to everyone and I would set realistic rewards. As a leader I need to understand what my employee’s value and I would link the reward with the goal. The trick here is to ensure that you operate within your constraints as well as make sure not to exaggerate the reward in comparison to the effort they will need to express. High reward with low effort will create an expectation effect and may work against you.I believe the expectancy theory technique would work well in a small office. Implementing change and offering a reward to committed employees with positive r esults will give effective outcomes. The two-factor theory is another motivational techniques used in the workplace developed by Frederick Herzberg. This theory states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction as well as a separate set of factors that cause dissatisfaction. This theory used as a motivational technique can cause great outcomes in the workplace. Job satisfaction can be achieved in the simplest ways.Acknowledging great performance would give employees a sense of job satisfaction at their workplace, thus creating a positive outcome. According to Herzberg job satisfaction can be a sense of achievement, feelings of recognition, sense of responsibility, opportunity for advancement and feelings of personal growth (Lombardi ; Schermerhorn, 2007). Job gratification can indicate a great degree of incentive or productivity with workers. J. Stacy Adams developed the equity theory, which assists in the explanation that wages and environments do n ot conclude motivation to employees.His theory indicates that the perceived unfairness is a motivating state. When people believe they have been inequitably treated in comparison to others, they will try to eradicate the discomfort and reestablish a sense of fairness to the situation (Lombardi ; Schermerhorn, 2007). As a leader this type of motivation is essential to a work environment. According to Adams’ prediction, he believes that employees would deal with unfairness by changing their work contributions and decreasing their labor.He also believes that employees will ask for incentives, or simply terminate their position in the company because of unfair or unjust treatment compared to fellow employees. Treating everyone equally and fair is a practice required in any type of work environment. Using this tool as a motivation to implement change would be necessary. It would aid in the impartiality of rewards for doing an excellent job during the change as well as the repriman ds needed for employees not embracing the change as necessary.In 1960’s, Edwin Locke put forward the goal-setting theory of motivation. This theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance. The theory states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance. In simple words, goals indicate, and give direction to an employee about what needs to be done and how much effort is required. This is one of my favorite theories because I believe that it is the most effective theory to use when implementing a change in a work setting.There are numerous important features in this theory. For example, Edwin Locke states that the employee’s willingness to work toward the attainment of a goal is a main source of job motivation. A clear, difficult, and specific goals are greater motivating factors than having easy, general and vague goals. Specific and clear goals lead to greater output and b etter performance (Management Study Guide, 2012). Goals ought to be reasonable and challenging to give employees a sense of gratification and accomplishment when attained.The more challenging the goal, the greater the reward, and the higher the employee’s desire are for achieving it. Feedback is a means of gaining reputation, making clarifications and regulating goal. There are many theories to implement change and motivate employees; some may work while others may not. Change in a workplace is a process. As a leader I would start with what would benefit the company. Once the notice of change has been communicated, setting up training would be the next step.Using the goal-setting theory I would let the employees know clearly what is expected from them and continue to implement the change. To motivate the workers and make the change a little more pleasant, I would reward them once the goal is achieved. Change is not always bad, but it is definitely a challenging task, because of the various needs and desires of each individual. References In-Tuition. (2012). Follow These Strategies for Managing Change. Retrieved from http://www. practical-management-skills. com/strategies-for-mamaging-change. htm

Health Governance in Bangladesh Essay

The main aim of this assignment is to uncover the dynamics of politics in the agenda setting of the health governance of Bangladesh through investigation of the role of deferent actors. In every policy process politics play an important role in idea generation, formulation and implementation. Policy reform in health sector is not different from other policy reforms. In the process of health policy making of any country, different actors try to bring the governance in their favor through playing significant role. This interaction of deferent actors in governance is known as politics of public policy. In the complex political process of health sector reform viability of special agenda, type of changes in policy reform, vision of national politics play an important role. In Bangladesh, health is one of the most important sectors since good health ensure more social and economic production and good quality of life. Beyond debate, priority of the health sector is forefront in the development discourse, even though, ‘health sector’ it is associated with multi sectoral factors and actors. Thus, making implementation of health sector policy requires interplay of actors and factors from different sectors and levels: local, national, regional and international. Health situation in Bangladesh Till today, health situation in Bangladesh is not quite satisfactory. Lack of broad national health policy or policy vacuum, lack of policy priority setting, discontinuity of policy, lack of policy ownership, lack of resource allocation and lack of proper uses of resources due to lack institutional arrangement and elite dominated health sector are the main characteristics of health sector in Bangladesh. These characteristics create hindrance in the process of achievement of national and international goals and ultimately health situation of common people remains vulnerable. Bangladesh, being a country with small land size of 144,000 sq. km, has the burden of a huge population of 140 million. Still, with low per capita income and low literacy. Though Bangladesh has one of the strongest networks for delivering countrywide health services among developing countries, still the quality of services are not up to the mark and the services are neither client focused nor need based. In the following tables we demonstrated the trends of basic health indicators of Bangladesh Indicators1970s (1978-80)1980s (1990)1990s (1996-972000s (2003)2007 Population growth rate2. 72. 101. 741. 54NA Infant mortality rate(per 1000)150116776652 Maternal mortality rate105. 74. 13NA Delivery care by trained2581218 Under 5 mortality rate(per 1000)2991101169465 Table 3. 1: Trends of Basic Health Indicators of Bangladesh Heath governance system The government driven healthcare service has a network in all over the country from the centre to the extreme periphery, having two wings, one concerned with Population and Family Planning and the other concerned with Health in total. The service network has three approaches with primary care at upazilla level; secondary care at district level; and tertiary care at divisional level. To administer administrative activities the country has six administrative divisions and 64 districts and furthermore the districts are divided into upazilas (476 in number) and upazilas into unions (4,770). It is estimated that each of the union consist of 25,000 people in most cases each of the unions are again divided into nine villages. The upazila health complexes (463) acts as the first referral centers for primary health care along with one district levels hospitals at all districts (64) and most of the specialized hospitals resides at tertiary levels, mostly in Dhaka – the capital of Bangladesh. There is a standard setup for health services in an upazilla consisting of one upazilla health complex, one union health & family welfare center (UHFWC) at union level (4062) and community clinics at village levels for every 6000 populations. It is mentionable that the community clinics were established under the Health and Population Sector Program (HPSP) – a donor driven mega program – were not functioning till now and being revitalized in recent periods (from the regime of interim caretaker government to present AL government) Apart from general health services other services i. e. minimal reproductive, maternal, and child health care services get provided by these centers for the local people free of cost. The ratio of physicians and registered nurses to population is 241 and 136 respectively per million people and the number of hospitals available for a million people is 10, while the availability of hospital beds is one for about 4000 people. Non government organizations (NGO) and private sectors also play an important role to provide health services for the country. Numbers of NGOs have targeted projects, program and facilities to provide antenatal care (ANC) and safe delivery care. Besides in urban areas the number of private service delivery centers and private physicians are also on the rise. Thought the private clinics get operated privately, most of the doctors working in public hospitals work there on part time basis. These clinics have high charges and operate on commercial basis and people living in highest quintiles prefers such clinics for good quality service, which sometimes is not available in public sectors, as per the wealthiest quintiles perception. Recent politics in policy making Like many other developing country the lifetime of a public policy in Bangladesh depends on the change of political power and health policy is no exception. Visions and directions of all health policies got changed with the change of ruling government. Likewise the NHP 2000 was also interrupted as the government changed. After that two attempts were made to revise the policy till 2008. This instigated disruption in policy implementation rather than bringing any positive change. Many arguments took place in favor of policy reversal by the policyactors but the decision remained absolutely political. The following subsection illustrates the policy vulnerability of NHP 2000 as reflected in its reversal and formulation of NHP 2006 and 2008 and the political dynamics behind it (BHW, 2010). The first and fully operational national health policy was initiated in 1988 during the autocratic regime. In 2000 the democratic government promulgated a national health policy with five goals and objectives, in October 2001 after the Bangladesh Nationalist Party-led coalition government came to power. This new government deviated from NHP 2000 and got engaged in redrafting a new health policy, without rejecting the existing one in its entirety. This NHP 2000 was to some extent rejected when two of its essential components related to structural transformation were made dysfunctional. The issues were i) unification of health and FP wings ii) the issue of community clinic. Key policy actors (both politicians and bureaucrats) had staid uncertainties about the outcome of these two major reforms and believed that these two issues introduction had been politically motivated by Awami League (AL), which finally resulted in non-implementation. The following segments give an outline of how two major reforms proposed by the policy faced rejection. Integration or unification of health and FP wings – the ornerstone of the NHP 2000 – was formally approved earlier through the HPSS and HPSP (1998-2003), did not experience smooth implementation even during the AL arena. This unification was intended to provide health and FP services in a package for improved service efficiency by minimizing duplication and overlapping of service delivery, which did not take place due to bureaucracy. During the era of 2001-2006, reversal of NHP 2000 became the interior of a whirlpool of conflicts, delays, and difference among policy players, including the bureaucrats, politicians, medical professionals and donors. At the early stage of BNP regime, the system of government held substantial power over the execution of NHP 2000. And the final decision on reversing unification was taken by the Health Secretary and the Prime Minister. The new senior level bureaucrats during this period contrasted the amalgamation and community clinics. The bureaucrats believed that incorporation would marginalize the FP section of the health sector, when it was decisive to uphold the responsibilities and sovereignty of the FP workers. The ruling BNP leaders were rigid to renounce the NHP 2000 since it was formulated by the previous AL government. And political leaders played a fundamental part in the policy implications during 2001-2006. It has been observed that the harmonization between the medical professionals and political leaders led to dealings with the bureaucrats and other forces and exercise more power (BHW 2010). The partial refusal of NHP 2000 can be accredited to the customs of confrontational politics and prejudice that permeates every level of the polity, rather than ideological dissimilarity often political parties. There was little ideological difference between the BNP and AL governments, as demonstrated in similar policy proposals of the two respective health policy documents. Interest group & policy issues According to the views presented by the study respondents, numerous problems were highlighted by different levels of organizations and individuals. More than 160 organizations and individuals have submitted written demand to the Program Support Office (PSO), HNPSP, MoHFW more prior to the preparation of the final draft. All of these demands reflected personal or professional interests. The written comments covered about 70 issues and a significant number of NGO participation was seen. All the policy issues were not dominant. Weight of the problems and proper evidence and strategy to highlight the problems play important role to catch attention of the policy makers. Among the policy issues, following were more dominant compared to others. State policy in health governance State actors and non-state actors play their role in the policy process. During the time of agenda setting interest groups try to influence the policy makers to consider their preferable issues. Like other policy process, different actors and factors impacted the generation of ideas in health policy. Till today, health situation of Bangladesh is not satisfactory in term of ‘equity and justice’. In the literature of policy ownership, source of ideas/visions is treated as one of the major indicator to measure the ownership of policy (Osman, 2006). In public policy process ‘agenda setting’ is a stage where owner of ideas/vision and promoter of the ideas adopt different strategy to draw the attention of the policy makers. In public policy making ‘ownership’ can be measured with participation of different actors in policy process. In this connection role of the different actors were investigated in this study. According to Jhon Kingdon’s Garbage Can Model, an issue becomes agenda with three confluence â€Å"streams†. Different actors play their role from their own perspective in these steams. In this study it was found that three steams emerged at the same time and opened a window. In problem stream evidence production and dissemination were highly supportive for highlighting the problems of community health issues as policy agenda. In proposal stream national and international policy coherences, international and national good practices and positive attitude of donors were among other factors that supported the community clinic issues as policy proposal. Also, political support of the ruling party (AL) was also positive to highlight the community clinic and community health issues. These problems were highlighted in different documents of governments, NGOs and donors. Moreover, these problems were recognized by bureaucrats, politicians, media people, donors and NGOs. Apart from evidences, ordinary people through experiences and observations also recognized these problems. Thus, all stakeholders had good faith about these evidences. It can be said that three confluence streams emerged and opened a policy window to take a decision for establishing community clinic for solving the community health problems in Bangladesh. In every stream, different actors and factors played vital role to highlight the issue. Evidence is crucial to guide improvements in health systems and develop new initiatives. In this connection state actors and non-sate actors create evidence for highlighting the importance of a policy problem or issues. In this study effort has been made to analyze the system of evidence creation and evidence dissemination. From the systems perspective, it is important to understand how research and knowledge from various sources are produced and synthesized. In addition, effort has also been made to investigate how the research findings were highlighted to strengthen the demand of good health services for community people. These evidences revealed that maternal health situation and services have not reached to the satisfaction level. Situation of child health is still in an alarming condition for attaining national and international goals. Till now population problem is a big challenge for development of Bangladesh but evidence showed that there are human resource gaps in community level to offer proper services to the community people. Cost of health services, absenteeism and distribution of health service providers in the community level were dominant factors which played vital role to highlight the community health situation as a problem. It was found that about 160 organizations and individuals took part in the agenda setting process of the health policy. Among the participants, NGOs presence was significant considering their number. A one may wonder why a significant number of NGOs took part in the agenda setting process. The answer is a large number of NGOs are working in health sectors of Bangladesh whose mission is to highlight the common peoples’ rights and external support for doing policy advocacy. Majority of the participants’ expressed their personal, organizational or professional interest.. Health professionals from government side played significant role while creating evidences. In the absence of wide ranging government sponsored research these professional remained engaged in writing articles in journals and news papers. Due to contracting system of evidence creation, bureaucrats were guided or assisted y a number of consultants and their influences are decreasing nowadays. Apart from the findings of the present study many previous studies showed that during unification of two wings of MoHFW (family planning and health) IMED created evidence to analyze the context. Research findings showed that bureaucrats who were influential during the period of 1996-2001 did not able to exert influence after 2000. It is mentioned that successive health secretaries were either explicitly against or remained passive over the unification process and community clinic program, resulting weak bureaucratic leadership within the ministry. Among the professionals who are involved with party politics, DAB (Doctors Association Bangladesh, aligned with the BNP) and SCP (Shawdhinata Chikitshak Parishad, aligned with the Awami League) played influential roles in agenda setting health issues. In this study it is found that these members who are affiliated with SCP remained vocal from the very beginning of the policy process when Health Advisor of immediate past caretaker government (2008-09) initiated the process of health policy formulation. Historical evidences showed that DAB had great influence in the agenda setting during the draft preparation in 2006. In case of NHP 2010, SCP played an important role in community related agenda setting since they are well connected with the Prime Minister and Health Minister. Medical professionals, particularly physicians, were in favor of the implementation of major reforms under the NHP 2000. Previous researchers found that support of the professionals for the two major elements of the NHP 2000 was reflected in the policy document prepared by the Bangladesh Medical Association (BMA) (BHW, 2010). Donors provide financial supports during evidence creation. While offering financial support, donors imposed some conditions including methodology finalization and indicators setting which ultimately, influenced the process of making evidence based policy. In addition, donors suggested government to include NGOs in this process on the ground of GO-NGO collaboration or public-private partnerships. In the community health related evidence creation USAID, UNICEF and WHO played leading role since 2000. Thus, it can be said that donors had great influence in evidence creations about community health issues. Of course, this is not new in the health sector of Bangladesh. In case of evidence creation for Sector Wide Approach introduction donor community provide guidance and financial supports for evidence creation. When compared to equivalent government operations, NGO services generally run more efficiently and cheaply keeping closer ties with communities. For this reason, donors often favor them as entry points to accessing communities in Bangladesh, especially since the 1980s. In other words, NGOs become powerful and influential, especially because of their external sources of financial support, cooperation, and advocacy. In this regards, NGOs are considered as spokesman of donors. Civil society/NGOs are potential actors to highlight health rights and social welfare goals through mobilization of citizen demand. Through different activities NGOs emphasized on the decentralization as a means of localizing policy-making, bringing decision- making closer to disadvantaged groups, and encouraging local participation. Also NGOs are playing roles of academics and professionals by monitoring and analyzing contextual factors. In this study we found that NGOs remained more or less equivalent in the creation of evidences. Bangladesh health watch was in the leading position to provide evidence for policy making Present Government and Health Strategy: According to the majority portion of respondent, the present government consists with a number of health professionals and they were very much enthusiastic to promote the health facilities issues for ensuring the health rights of community people of Bangladesh. Also as a political party AL has commitment to the people to provide health services for the betterment of common people. Election Manifesto of AL in Election 2008 highlighted the health issues in the following way – â€Å"In order to ensure health facilities to every citizen of the country, the health policy of the erstwhile Awami League government will be reevaluated and adjusted according to the demands of the time. In the light of this policy, 18000 community clinics, established during Awami League rule, will be commissioned. † [Source: Election Manifesto of AL in Election 2008] Conclusion It can be said that proper evidence for highlighting the problem, stakeholders support in the solutions and strong political support highlighted the community health issues as issues to be considered in government actions. In evidence creation and conducting advocacy, NGOs who backed by the donors remained vocal. Top level bureaucrats also played their role with the help of consultants who were generally recommended by the donors. Finally, recognition of ruling political party played an important role in this regard.

National Merit Finalist - How to Win the Scholarship

National Merit Finalist - How to Win the Scholarship SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many students take the PSAT in the fall of their junior year. What a lot of students may not notice is the full name of the test is PSAT/NMSQT, or Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test. Thus, the PSAT is not just good practice for your SATs. It’s also the first step in becoming a National Merit Finalist and hopefully, earning a $2,500 scholarship from the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC). In this article, we’ll discuss what steps you need to take to become a National Merit Finalist and compete for a scholarship. We'll also give you advice on how to write a strong application and maximize your chances of becoming a National Merit Scholar. Here’s how the numbers break down: Each year, about 1.6 million students take the PSAT. Of the juniors who take the exam, about 16,000 earn scores that qualify them as Semifinalists (that's around 1%). This group is narrowed down to 15,000, who become Finalists. Of this group, about 7,500 are awarded scholarships of $2,500 a year (that can be renewed each year you're in college). This article will explain the three key steps you need to follow to win the National Merit scholarship, from meeting the entry requirements, to scoring well on the PSAT, to submitting a standout application. Step 1: Meet the Entry Requirements The National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC) requires you to have a few qualifications to even be considered for the scholarship: You must be enrolled as a high school student, progressing normally toward graduation. You must plan to enroll full time in college starting the fall following high school graduation. You must be a U.S. citizen or U.S. lawful permanent resident planning to become a U.S. citizen. These requirements will be checked with a few questions at the beginning of the PSAT. Step 2: Score in the Top 1% of the PSAT Becoming a National Merit Finalist is competitive and requires a top score on the PSAT. Although it varies from state to state, most students must score above 1400 (out of 1520) to qualify as a Semifinalist, which means they can compete to move on to Finalist standing. How can you achieve a top 1% score on the PSAT? Prepare with high-quality materials. Identify your weak points and work to improve them. If the Reading section confuses you, spend the majority of your time practicing those sections. If math isn’t your thing, commit yourself to drillingPSAT Math problems.The National Merit competition usesa Selection Index that is based on yourReading, Math, and Writing test scores, so mastering all three sections is key. Take control of your learning and study with practice questions and sample tests. This practice will also pay off later when you take the SATs in the spring of your junior year and fall of senior year. Bonus: Aiming for a National Merit Scholarship? If you're not sure you can self-study your way to a qualifying PSAT score, you'll love our PSAT prep program, PrepScholar. We designed our program to learn your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics and customize your prep to be as effective as possible for you. When you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take a diagnostic that will determine your weaknesses in over forty PSAT skills. PrepScholar then creates a study program specifically customized for you. To improve each skill, you’ll take focused lessons dedicated to each skill, with over 20 practice questions per skill. This will train you for your specific area weaknesses, so your time is always spent most effectively to raise your score. We also force you to focus on understanding your mistakes and learning from them. If you make the same mistake over and over again, we'll call you out on it. There’s no other prep system out there that does it this way, which is why we get better score results than any other program on the market. Check it out today with a 5-day free trial: For more info on prepping for the PSAT, check out ourdetailed guide to attaining National Merit Semifinalist status. Step 3: Submit an Excellent Application Complete the NMSC application requirements by fall of your senior year (usually early October). This application allows 15,000 of the 16,000 Semifinalists to move on to Finalist standing. If you don't become a Finalist or don't qualify, you may still get word that you're a Commended Student or remain as a Semifinalist, which are great distinctions that will stand out on college applications. However, only Finalists are eligible for National Merit Scholarship awards. The online NMSC application is the same as your college application in some ways and different in other ways. Similarities You must submit the following: Your academic record (transcript) SAT scores* Information about your activities and leadership roles A personal essay *You have to take the SATs on approved dates, usually in the fall of your senior year, and make sure to send along your score report to NMSC. They need to receive your scores by December 31st of your senior year. While there is no strict cutoff for SAT scores, they must be competitive like your PSAT scores (usually around 1400 or above) so they know your PSAT wasn't a fluke. Differences You must submit the following: A recommendation from your high school principal or someone the principal designates as a school official Information about your school’s curricula and grading system Let's dig into each component to maximize your chance of building a strong application to win the National Merit Scholar title. Academic Record and SAT Scores The National Merit Corporation is first and foremost looking to award academic achievement. There is no strict cutoff, but a competitive GPA (3.5 and above) and high SAT scores (approximately 1400 and above) are recommended. Your academic record should also show that you challenged yourself with honors and AP classes. When you're a high school junior, there isn't much you can do about this, other than continue to excel in your classes. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Extracurricular Activities and Community Service The NMC is also looking at the skills and accomplishments shown in your application. Demonstrated leadership goes a long wayfor example, leading in Student Council or other student organizations. Your activities should reveal your passions and interestsit is usually better to show â€Å"depth over breadth.† In other words, get deeply involved in a few activities you’re passionate about rather than showing minor participation in every club, team, and organization your school has to offer. Almost all activities are valuable if they show your commitment, leadership potential, and ability to work with and help others. Recommendations Recommendations go a long way. Cultivate good relationships with your teachers, counselor, and principal and provide a â€Å"brag sheet† for them with the qualities and accomplishments you would like them to include in your recommendation. Your brag sheet may include the following: What six adjectives best describe you? What do you consider your greatest accomplishment(s)? What are your strongest goals for the next five years? What is a meaningful experience you have had during high school? These anecdotes will make writing a lot easier, and they'll thank you for this. Make sure to ask for your recommendation at least three weeks in advance of the deadline, and follow up with your writer to make sure it'll be submitted on time. The earlier you notify them, the more ahead you'll be of your classmates, most of whom will need college application letters. Personal Essay The personal essay adds your voice to your application materials. Your essay is the place where you can share your unique story and perspective and make your application materials come to life. Here is an example of a past National Merit essay question: To help the reviewers get to know you, describe an experience you have had, a person who has influenced you, or an obstacle you have overcome. Explain why this is meaningful to you. Use your own words and limit your response to the space provided. The space allows for about 500 - 600 words. You should focus on two important components of the essay. First, the NMC wants to see that you can express yourself clearly and powerfully through writing. Make sure to proofread, edit, and revise for any spelling errors, grammatical mistakes, or weaknesses in syntax and diction. Second, your essay reveals how you think about yourself, your accomplishments, and your goals. What do your experiences mean to you? What do they reveal about your identity? Spend some time brainstorming before you decide what aspects of your identity are most important to share with the NMC readers. For example, did a group science fair project show you the power of collaboration in making new discoveries? Did a Student Council debate reveal the complexity of perspectives on a single issue? Did Lisa Simpson teach you the importance of sticking to your principles, even if your family may not always agree? The topics are endless, and there is no best answer, but whatever you choose should reveal something significant about who you are. Once you have your first draft, ask a friend, family member, counselor, or English teacher for feedback on what worked and what didn’t. It’s a short essay, so make sure every sentence is there for a reason and important for telling your story. In Conclusion Staying motivated and committing yourself to all these goals will put you in the best position toward becoming a National Merit Finalist. Remember, only 15,000 students ( 1%) are chosen as Finalists, and of those, only about 7,500 students receive scholarships. On a percentage basis, it's even more competitive than getting into the Ivy League, so even with all your hard work, you’ll still need a certain amount of luck! NSMC notifies students if they have become finalists in February of their senior year. Scholarship notifications go out in March. By that time, most of your college applications will be done and submitted. Now you just have to try to relax and wait for the decisions to come! If you complete all the steps mentioned above, you can be confident that you’ve done all you can – now hopefully the National Merit Scholarship Corporation will recognize all your hard work. What's Next? Want more tips on how to get a top PSAT score?Check out our guide on how to get a perfect PSAT score for all the info you need to know. Are you striving for perfection on the SAT?Read our detailed guide by our resident SAT full scorer. Aiming to get intoa top-tier school? Check outour article: What's a good SAT score for the Ivy League? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Free Essays on Huck Finn Matures

Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is a novel that tracks the development of a young boy’s life on the Mississippi River in the late 1800’s. The Novel’s main character, Huck Finn, struggles to find and unite himself during a time when our nation divided and at a loss. Throughout the book, Huck strives to define his opinions of religion, slavery, family, and friends as he defies society’s. Huckleberry Finn as a character begins this book as a boy and ends this book as a boy; there are, however, many blaring opportunities for Huck to evolve into a much more mature individual. Huck Finn starts this book as a lost boy that has been found and miraculously saved by society (Widow Douglas). The Widow takes him in and attempts to â€Å"civilize† Huck. Huck went along with this new family but never felt quite right because he has never experienced civilization. Huck thought â€Å"it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways.† Huck’s nature is not to bath, learn, read, or be polite. He was raised in the wild and â€Å"wild† is an excellent adjective to describe Huck’s personality. Huck Finn was an uncontrollable child who was never accustom to the ways of the world or the society he was so quickly thrust in to. This aspect is naà ¯ve, this gives him a fresher, unbiased outlook on the things around him. Huck’s partner in adventure and the mentor in Huck’s moral life is an escaped slave by the name of Jim. Jim shares many of the same ambitions as Huck and they complement each other as they both attempt to grow. Huck begins to appreciate Jim and shows quite a bit of compassion, for his time. Huck acknowledges that Jim â€Å"had an uncommon level head, for a nigger.† And imagined â€Å"he must be white inside† . The racism apparent in Huck’s language is normal for the time and does not indicate a lack of respect for Jim. Huck makes a large str... Free Essays on Huck Finn Matures Free Essays on Huck Finn Matures Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is a novel that tracks the development of a young boy’s life on the Mississippi River in the late 1800’s. The Novel’s main character, Huck Finn, struggles to find and unite himself during a time when our nation divided and at a loss. Throughout the book, Huck strives to define his opinions of religion, slavery, family, and friends as he defies society’s. Huckleberry Finn as a character begins this book as a boy and ends this book as a boy; there are, however, many blaring opportunities for Huck to evolve into a much more mature individual. Huck Finn starts this book as a lost boy that has been found and miraculously saved by society (Widow Douglas). The Widow takes him in and attempts to â€Å"civilize† Huck. Huck went along with this new family but never felt quite right because he has never experienced civilization. Huck thought â€Å"it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways.† Huck’s nature is not to bath, learn, read, or be polite. He was raised in the wild and â€Å"wild† is an excellent adjective to describe Huck’s personality. Huck Finn was an uncontrollable child who was never accustom to the ways of the world or the society he was so quickly thrust in to. This aspect is naà ¯ve, this gives him a fresher, unbiased outlook on the things around him. Huck’s partner in adventure and the mentor in Huck’s moral life is an escaped slave by the name of Jim. Jim shares many of the same ambitions as Huck and they complement each other as they both attempt to grow. Huck begins to appreciate Jim and shows quite a bit of compassion, for his time. Huck acknowledges that Jim â€Å"had an uncommon level head, for a nigger.† And imagined â€Å"he must be white inside† . The racism apparent in Huck’s language is normal for the time and does not indicate a lack of respect for Jim. Huck makes a large str...

Catfights and Dogfights

Catfights and Dogfights Catfights and Dogfights Catfights and Dogfights By Maeve Maddox The following headline on the editorial page of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette caught my eye: Catfight at pet clinic The first sentence of the editorial told me that whoever wrote the headline: 1. hadn’t read the editorial; 2. didn’t know the meaning of â€Å"catfight† How I know: 1. the editorial was about something that happened at an animal shelter, not a clinic. 2. the incident being commented on involved a worker who had threatened to kill his fellow workers. I don’t know of any definition of catfight that includes terroristic threatening. Here are two definitions of catfight as given in the OED: A fight between cats. A vicious fight or altercation, esp. between women. Merriam-Webster makes no reference to fighting women in its definition: catfight: a bitter and usually intensely personal dispute The definition at Answers.com also avoids any display of insensitivity towards women: A fight between or among cats. Informal. A vociferous dispute: a catfight between farmers and the government over subsidies. I suggest that what most people understand by catfight, when not used literally of felines, is a fight, verbal or physical, between or among women, as described here: Catfight is a term for an altercation between two women, typically involving scratching, slapping, hair-pulling, and shirt-shredding as opposed to punching or wrestling. Wikipedia The word dogfight, has different connotations. The OED hyphenates the word as dog-fight: A fight between dogs. transf. A general disturbance or mà ªlà ©e; spec. a ‘scrap’ between aircraft. Merriam-Webster spells it as one word, dogfight: 1 : a fight between or as if between dogs : MELEE; broadly : a fiercely disputed contest 2 : a fight in aerial warfare between two or more fighter planes usually maneuvering at close quarters Answers.com adds an addtional definition: An illegal, organized fight between dogs, arranged for spectator entertainment and betting. Political correctness aside, the words dog and cat carry gendered cultural connotations. For example, if someone describes a heterosexual married couple fighting â€Å"like cats and dogs,† which member of the couple do you think represents which animal in the mind of the hearer? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOne Fell SwoopEducational vs. Educative

Library Search Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Library Search - Research Paper Example The need for more information or further assistance on the library search. Create the reference for the article selected using correct APA format including: authors, year, article title, journal name, volume number, issue number, page numbers, italics, parentheses, punctuation, line spacing, and hanging indent. Type a quotation (10–20 words) from the selected article using correct APA format including quotation marks, authors’ names, year, page numbers, and parentheses. Do not use words or ideas the authors cited from another source. Summarize the article in 80–110 words. Be concise and clearly cover the main points of the article. Use correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Do not include the article title, journal, authors, or citations. Nursing theory is based on the expansion and understanding evidence based nursing practices and the contribution to the evidences. It also focuses on more comprehensive and diverse patterns away from just the narrow focus. Carper constitute four fundamental patterns in nursing. The fundamental practices constitute ethical, personal, empirical, and anesthetic practices. Mode of inquiry for development of evidence on each of the values is done differently. Each of the practices are considered a theory on its own. Different lenses are provided by the different nursing theories which are essential for evidence based nursing practices. Perfect inquiry is appropriate for generation and fostering the theories. Use 80–110 words to clearly state how you will use information learned from this article in your future practice. Be concise and clearly relate article contents to your practice. Use first person, correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Details and specifics regarding your own future use of this information are needed. Information from the searches should be stored in a systematic and a convenient way that enables reference. The information is arranged

The Basic Needs of the Job and Education Needed To Perform the Job Research Paper

The Basic Needs of the Job and Education Needed To Perform the Job with the Help of Job Analysis - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that job analyses entail the entire procedure through which the duties, positions, and characteristics of the people to be hired in the organizations are determined. It is especially required for developing the job description and detailing about the job specifications. Every job needs some specific skill, knowledge, experience and some sort of educational and vocational training so that the tasks can be performed well. The nature of job analysis is to identify the requirements for building up the job description and job specification. Job analysis helps to locate the bets suitable employee for a particular job. Thus job analysis bridges the gap between what types of human resource in needed and what type of human resource is available which can be allocated with the best suitable jobs. In an organization, one of the most important resources is the human resource, whose efficiency is utmost important for every organization. Human resource e fficiency can be achieved if the right type of employee is allocated to the right type of job and is given the right type of working environment for performing the job. Thus the main problem the organization faces is to allocate the employee to the best suitable job. Job analysis can be defined as a systematic process which is used to collect information about the different aspects of a job these aspects which are work-related. The information collected while analyzing the various aspects of a job can be used for job description and job specification. The information collected while performing job analysis highlights the activities the workers perform while doing a job, the equipment which is mainly used by the worker while performing the job, the environment in which the worker is working etc. Job analysis is an important tool to collect information about the nature of the job. This information helps the manager to differenti8ate one job from the other. The information thus collect ed involves information about the ability of the worker, supervision, and guidance provided to the employees to perform a specific job, financial aspects of the job, budgets allocated to the work, the performance standards used to appraise the workers performing the specific job etc.

International business economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International business economics - Essay Example In this pursuit, an M&A team also had been setup to seek out prospective targets (Dutta and Chaturvedi, 2005). The main target of globalizing the company was in terms of boosting up exports substantially. Entering the Chinese market through joint ventures or transfers of technology was also on the cards. But these aspirations failed to materialize and instead when the opportunity to acquire Daewoo, a concern that had a market share of 22 percent even with large idle capacities, arrived, Tata Motors grabbed it (Dutta and Chaturvedi, 2005). The objective of the present endeavor is to look at the acquisition in detail to the extent allowed by the scope. In what follows we look at the strategic and economic rationale of Tata Motors that motivated acquisition, seek to explore aspects like the strengths of Daewoo Motors that made it potentially valuable for Tata Motors, the major challenges faced by Tata Motors in the process of acquiring Daewoo and the major potential synergies and their materialization. To perceive the rationale of the acquisition, it is first necessary to understand where Tata Motors stood just before this breakthrough phenomenon in the history of the Indian Automobile industry. Although Tata entered the sphere of manufacturing automotive vehicles way back in 1954 when it collaborated with Daimler-Benz, it spent the following two decades or so in enhancing its R&D base of operations through a multitude of collaborations and manufacturing mainly construction equipment (Dutta and Chaturvedi, 2005). The first commercial vehicle was manufactured in 1977 and by 1983, Telco, as Tata Motors was known until 2003, initiated its production of heavy commercial vehicles. ‘TATA 407’, the company’s first light commercial vehicle that was completely indigenous in design was launched in 1986. In 1991, the first passenger cars that were designed indigenously, the Tata sierra and the Tata estate,

Commercial Realities in Project Management Coursework

Commercial Realities in Project Management - Coursework Example .....................................................................................6 Swot analysis ...........................................................................................................................9 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................12 Recommendation .....................................................................................................................13 Introduction Project management is a discipline that involves management of resources in a project to achieve the set goals and objectives. Project managers’ plan, organizes, and controls all the activities of the project to realise the set goals. The project must be appraised by use of various methods to determine its viability. Somalia is a country that does not a centre of training its cadets. There is a lot of expenditure in training the cadets outside the country. Somalia and xyz defence team wants to initiate F-15, Tornado and Typhoon Aircrafts Maintenance Training Facility and complete training program. There is demand for the facility from Somalia and other foreign nations. This project will involve large sums of money, and many logistics must be put in place. There will be many interested parties involved, and therefore there will be many issues arising. These activities includes; purchase, supply, finance and contract management issues. Somalia requires an in-depth analysis of the project to assess it viability. In the process of establishing F-15, Tornado and Typhoon Aircrafts Maintenance Training Facility and complete training program, there will be many contacts between Somalia and other firms. The procurement firms must ensure that the goods procured are of the right quality. Supply of low quality goods will amount to breach of contract. If the construction is done with the low quality materials, it is the procurement firm to take the losses. Manage ment is a doctrine that is useful in the successful running of the business organization. Through management, the various business owners are able to delegate some authority to their subordinates. This is necessary enough to ensure the effective running of the business or project. A project entails many different activities that are all correlated in ensuring the success of the overall business endeavour. Duties, challenges, obligations are assigned to the employees of any organizational setting. Delegation is an essential part in the management. Project management is a part of management that concentrates on the effective management of a project until its completion. Through technological usage of resources that are not costly and cheap in the end one is able to make skilful use of the available resources to put into practice the application of the project. Proper monitoring of all the transactions that transpire during the project will ensure its overall success. Evaluation tools are in existence in the establishment of viability of any business portfolio. The use of Net Present Value, IRR, and other mathematical tools enable one to establish mathematically the viability of any business endeavour. In most government projects, the government is entitled to inspect all the materials. Many potential disputes are likely to arise since it is an enormous investment. These must be handled with clear laws governing the contracts. The project will be evaluated by use of various methods to ascertain its viability. Since it is a capital-intensive project,

Psychology Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology - Personal Statement Example Explaining this fact we see that, on the one hand, it was ethical because it followed the guidelines of a special Stanford ethics committee that allowed and approved it. Experiment’s participants were told that they would be assigned either the role of the guard, or the role of the prisoner in a completely random manner, and they all volunteered to play any of these roles for $ 15 a day for a period not exceeding two weeks. They signed a contract guaranteeing them a minimally adequate diet, clothing, shelter and medical care, as well as monetary rewards, and instead signed an ‘intention’ to perform an interim role during the whole experiment. On the other hand, it was unethical because the participants-prisoners were forced to stay in a simulated prison for the whole day during the study period and they were suffered, being humiliated by their fellows over the period of the experiment. Continuing the discussion of this ethical question we can mention that it was n ot right to trade ‘sufferings’ experienced by participants for the knowledge gained by the research, and understanding this fact the experiment was stopped mush earlier.

Commercial Realities in Project Management Coursework

Commercial Realities in Project Management - Coursework Example .....................................................................................6 Swot analysis ...........................................................................................................................9 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................12 Recommendation .....................................................................................................................13 Introduction Project management is a discipline that involves management of resources in a project to achieve the set goals and objectives. Project managers’ plan, organizes, and controls all the activities of the project to realise the set goals. The project must be appraised by use of various methods to determine its viability. Somalia is a country that does not a centre of training its cadets. There is a lot of expenditure in training the cadets outside the country. Somalia and xyz defence team wants to initiate F-15, Tornado and Typhoon Aircrafts Maintenance Training Facility and complete training program. There is demand for the facility from Somalia and other foreign nations. This project will involve large sums of money, and many logistics must be put in place. There will be many interested parties involved, and therefore there will be many issues arising. These activities includes; purchase, supply, finance and contract management issues. Somalia requires an in-depth analysis of the project to assess it viability. In the process of establishing F-15, Tornado and Typhoon Aircrafts Maintenance Training Facility and complete training program, there will be many contacts between Somalia and other firms. The procurement firms must ensure that the goods procured are of the right quality. Supply of low quality goods will amount to breach of contract. If the construction is done with the low quality materials, it is the procurement firm to take the losses. Manage ment is a doctrine that is useful in the successful running of the business organization. Through management, the various business owners are able to delegate some authority to their subordinates. This is necessary enough to ensure the effective running of the business or project. A project entails many different activities that are all correlated in ensuring the success of the overall business endeavour. Duties, challenges, obligations are assigned to the employees of any organizational setting. Delegation is an essential part in the management. Project management is a part of management that concentrates on the effective management of a project until its completion. Through technological usage of resources that are not costly and cheap in the end one is able to make skilful use of the available resources to put into practice the application of the project. Proper monitoring of all the transactions that transpire during the project will ensure its overall success. Evaluation tools are in existence in the establishment of viability of any business portfolio. The use of Net Present Value, IRR, and other mathematical tools enable one to establish mathematically the viability of any business endeavour. In most government projects, the government is entitled to inspect all the materials. Many potential disputes are likely to arise since it is an enormous investment. These must be handled with clear laws governing the contracts. The project will be evaluated by use of various methods to ascertain its viability. Since it is a capital-intensive project,

Reading disabilities focusing on Dyslexia Research Proposal

Reading disabilities focusing on Dyslexia - Research Proposal Example More research however, is required about how dyslexia develops and what is the pathophysiology associated with it. As the mental faculties of an infant develop with age, there are a series of patterns and methods through which he learns to process the information he is presented with. All of his senses are important in creating the accurate picture of his surroundings and in creating adequate responses accordingly. Cognitive and affective developments ensue, with visual and auditory recognition patterns. It is the same time that the brain of the child is developing itself to effectively modify itself with the information it is being presented with. In the normal child, these milestones of mental as well as physical development are carried out at specific ages and time frames, signaling correct processing in the brain development. However, in children with learning difficulties, there may be many problems in the developmental pattern and in achieving the milestones. A child’s brain may not be accurately receiving the various sensory stimuli, or the brain may be inadequate to correctly interpret the information presented to it. In both the cases, the net result with different variations is a deviance from the normal learning patterns observable in a child. The most helpful tool in identifying these problems is the delayed milestones, or a slow speed of child in speaking, learning, or physically developing. The child may not be able to interpret the information presented to him as accurately as a normal child. The school and home are therefore the most likely places where any of such changes can be observed. A child may be a slow learner, or may not be able to give proper concentration to the subject matter. He or she may display reading, phonation and spelling difficulties, and may show a poor academic record. Such children may in turn be marginalized due to their weaknesses, and complex psychological issues may develop.

Gas Laws Lab Essay Example for Free

Gas Laws Lab Essay Introduction: In this lab we are going to investigate behavior of gas by working with a molecular model. Factors that effect gas behavior our pressure, temperature, volume and the number of moles. We are going to keep to variables constant and record the relationship or change in the remaining factors. Independent variables: Temperature, number of moles, volume Dependent variable: Pressure Controlled variable: apparatus used (computer program downloaded from the internet), volume and number of moles Question: What is the relationship between pressure and temperature of a gas filled container with constant volume and number of moles? Hypothesis: temperature and pressure are directly related. As temperature increases pressure increases. Pressure is directly proportional to temperature when the number of moles and volume are kept constant. Procedure: Log on to the Internet and visit heinnemann.co.uk/hotlinks and enter the express code 4266S. Click on weblink 3.2 the simulation on the right will appear. In this simulation one can set the parameters as per desire. For this experiment we need to set the volume and number of moles constant. Three trials are done for accuracy. For the first trial, we need to set the volume constant. The volume will remain set to the default value. Then pump 100 heavy species particle in the container and keep them the same until the next trial. The temperature will automatically go to 300K, remove heat to lower the temperature to 150K. Record the pressure produced. Add 50K each time, before taking another reading until the temperature reach 500K. Record the change in pressure with simultaneous temperature in a table. Before starting the next trail hit the reset button. Before starting the second trail change the depth of the container to 3.4nm. Measure the depth with a ruler (the ruler is given as a tool for measurement). Pump 100 more heavy species in the container to make a total of 200 particles. Increase the temperature as done before with similar intervals and record the pressure in form of a table. Hit the reset again and start the final trail. For the third trial, increase the depth of the container to 9nm and pump in a total of 300 heavy species particle. Record the temperature and pressure in a table. The uncertainty in this experiment for temperature is +0.5K and for pressure is +0.5 Pa. Use the tables to graph the data to show the relationship between temperature and pressure. Conclusion and Evaluation: From the data collected and the graphs processed we can make out that pressure is directly related to temperature when the number of moles of particles and the volume of the container is kept constant. We know that as temperature increases the particles gain more energy and collide at a faster rate with each other and the wall of the container. As the number of collisions increases, the more the particles exert force on the walls of the container. The force that the particles have on the walls is known as the pressure. All the 3 graphs have a linear relationship and the slopes of their lines are the coefficient of the temperature because temperature is directly related to pressure. As shown by the graphs temperature is directly proportional to pressure. In other words keep the volume and the amount of gas constant and change the temperature (by heating or cooling) and observe the change in pressure (Pressure law: P=const*T). The lines are not straight and a line of best fit is used. The unevenness of the lines on the graphs shows that there are slight errors involved in the experiment. The errors included are systematic, analytical and random. As the pressure was fluctuating the value noted was randomly chosen. The temperature was sometimes a point higher or lower, which again caused the pressure gauge to give a slight of value. Also the uncertainty in the measurement of volume showed that there were some errors also included while taking the measurement of the container. Suggestions for improvements: The lab was precise because of the number of trials done but it could be accurate by reducing the errors made in the experiment. Try to hit the raise the temperature of the container in the simulation accurately if that is not possible try setting the default temperature to the desired value and record the pressure. This would allow the pressure gauge to be more accurate. When taking measurement of the container for volume with a ruler try to avoid the parallax error, which is created by not looking at the measurement perpendicularly. Take the mode value from all of the values produced by the pressure gauge and wait a minute or two after setting the temperature and before noting the temperature. This helps to get a more accurate reading because the particles get enough time to settle. By recording the pressure value after giving certain breaks in the experiment will help the lines on all the three graph to be less uneven and more accurate.

William Kentridge Artist From South Africa Film Studies Essay

William Kentridge Artist From South Africa Film Studies Essay The sixth film in serious Drawings foe Projections was the History of the Main Complaint which was made in 1996. This film was made before the True and Reconciliation Commission hearing began. The plot of History of the Main Complaint was about a businessman named Soho Eckstein who was a wealthy white man living in South Africa. He was lying on the bed surrounding with doctors to discuss with his injures at hospital because he had a car accident. He was just an empty shell without his identity. William Kentridge was sending the conflicting message of the struggles that people were facing with in South Africa in that period. It was manifest that all of the conflicts made people sufferings were taking away of their true identities. In this History of the Main Complaint film, William Kentridge drew some x-rays pictures with objects to illustrate Sohos physical injuries and emotion. The main point of these x-rays explained explicitly that Sohos body and mind are occupying with these materials. These objects include manual typewriter, adding machine, telephone, ticker- tape machine for stock market information, seal press embossing, and a cup of coffee. The x-rays are showing purposefully every object in the central of picture and it represents respectively his whole career milestone in business to be a metaphorical key history event at his country. For example, there is an old- fashion electronic volt generator which symbolizes his struggles with other politicians during apartheid- era in South Africa and a bottle of shaky ink is representing how people view governments unstable system of policies in South Africa. Both of them are in control of the apartheid regime for around forty years. The film of Felix in Exile, which was the fifth film in the serious Drawings for Projection made in 1994, was focusing on the history of South Africa. The plot of the film was about an African American woman, Nandi, who was a land surveyor. She was a representation of the homeland. A man called Felix who was living in Paris in exile. The drawings in his room were being covered by the floods which were indirectly as memories. In this movie these two characters were interacting with each other about changing the situation of South Africas society in long distance. Nandi changed Felix about the sense of self identies and through Nandis eyes show Felix was looking forward to his country and seeing a new, democratic revolution about South Africa. The film of Felix in Exile used the technique of photographing each drawing. This was a long process of re- draw the same drawing over and over again to draw, erase, smudge and redraw. The reason why he used this kind of technique was because it created sense of movements in the film just like telling a story through stop motions. It showed impressively the audience of time and change, especially about history and fading memories. History of the Main Complaint and Felix in Exile were both animated films. Animated films were made by stop motions. William Kentridge used the technique of drawing a lot of prints and made them into a film in order to tell stories without any narration or oral communication; however there were sounds and music to help the audience feel the emotion that William Kentridge was trying to express through his animated films. These two films were basically black and white stop motion drawings with some pop colors, such as red and blue. The stop motion was a very unique way to tell stories by using effectiveness of moving images. The red and blue colors used in the film had symbolic meanings, too. Blue was associated with peace, waiting, hope, and sorrowfulness. In History of the Main Complaint, a pail with blue water was placed in a corner close to Sohos bed in the hospital. Here, blue water symbolized redemption and hope. It had never been touched or removed from the room, and had waited quietly for the awakening of Soho. In Felix in Exile, red color was used extensively in Nandis depictions of landscape. The places where the corpses lay, as well as their wounds, were marked clearly in red. Red symbolizes blood, wounds, and death. For example, when Nandi was shot down on the ground, the blue water flowing down from the faucet turned red. It was a declaration of Nandis death. The dark red blood flowing out from the old wounds of the unknown corpse was a silent narrative of South Africas violent history. Analyze the ways in which Kentridges use of themes and formal techniques complement and or conflict with each other. Kentridge examines the people who live, records evidences that happened, and his personal life in Johannesburg-the city where he was born, lives and works. The animated films of Felix in Exile and History of the Main Complaint are two films about the darkness of South Africa. Through the use of visual symbols and metaphors, he intends to present complicated human situations. On the one hand, he purposely leads the viewer to analyze symbols and metaphors in his films to provoke their emotions. He used the technique of photographs taken after each erasure and redrawing process to impress viewers and truly expressed his feeling towards the country history at that time. These films are not only pieces of artwork, but also are addressing the struggles that people have experiences in South Africa.Ultimately, the reviewers have found the objective position that the Kentridge has taken and the hidden meaning in his works. His animated films are now some significant artworks that highly influ ence the modern art industry.

Xuela’s Character in Jamaica Kincaids Autobiography of My Mother Essay

  Many critics of The Autobiography of my Mother have remarked on the unrealistic facets of Xuela's extremist character. Her lack of remorse, her emotional detachment, her love of the dirty and "impure," and her consuming need for total control over everyone and everything around her give her an almost mythic quality. A more well-rounded, humanistic character would have doubts and failings that Xuela does not seem to possess. In light of Xuela's deep-seated resentment of authority, stubborn love of the degraded and unacceptable, intense rejection of the à ¬master-slaveà ® relationship, and--most pointedly--her hatred of the British and British culture, many critics have embraced the idea that Xuela is highly symbolic of the conquered, colonized races whose blood makes up her own. There are many complex parallels between Xuela's character and the collective psyche and cultural beliefs of Dominica's "conquered" races. Yet, instead of sinking in despair, Xuela refuses to gracefully accept her lot in life. Early on, she rejects the imposed cultural perception of herself as inferior. Her description of her elementary schoolteacher is prescient: "a woman of the African people, that I could see, and she found in this a source of humiliation and self-loathing, and she wore despair like an article of clothing, like a mantle, or a staff on which she leaned constantly, a birthright which she would pass on to us" (15). Xuela then explains the distinction between Africans and Caribs in her Dominica. "My mother was a Carib woman, and when they (the class) looked at me this is what they saw. The Carib people had been defeated and then exterminated, thrown away like the weeds in a garden; the African people had been defeated but had survived. When... ...den. She understands it, although she does not share it. Xuela also possesses a deeply rooted need for control over her personal realm, possibly brought on by her hatred of the control exerted by the British over Dominica, as well as by her unhappy childhood. Above all, Xuela makes it her project in life to love herself, and, as one reviewer remarks, "she does so with a remarkable dedication" (Mead 52). Her own body becomes a temple to her, a place in which to feel safe and loved. Xuela says that she loves herself out of necessity, for the world she lives in is cruel and has little love to give her. Xuela's character is hard to take, from any standpoint. She is almost inhumanly resilient, and her hatred of all that is Western and white is all-consuming. For these reasons Xuela is sometimes seen as an abstraction, a symbol of an entire people's suffering.   

Bullying on the Bus Essay

By putting cameras and audio equipment in places where children congregate, schools can protect children from bullying and solve the problem. It is our responsibility to keep our children safe even if it is from other children. Bullying happens every day it happens in school, on the school bus, on the way home from school, in the bathrooms, in the hallways, even in the classrooms under the teachers noses. People may think that this is someone else’s problem that it is not their concern but it is everyone’s problem. While doing the research for this paper I came across this story written in a book by (Cheryl E. Sanders; Gary D. Phye) in the Kaplan Library. It was around February of 2003, it was about a 13 year old girl who was attending a middle school in a Denver suburb, she had to change schools for concern of her life (Kirksey, 2003). That wasn’t the first time she believed she was going to die. At the age of 9-years-old, she lost one of her legs to cancer. If that wasn’t a big enough scare for a child her age. As a young amputee, she should have made friends easily and obtained compassion from her peers, but in its place she faced bullying. An ‘‘under- ground’’ group of several girls used vocal hostility to terrorize her. Directing blasphemous and frightening messages such as ‘‘die, bitch, die’’ and ‘‘you better watch your back’’ via a website on the Internet as well as corresponding with her at school were the major settings for the bullying. After 5 months of living amidst this horror, she (with her mother’s reassurance) elected to depart the community middle school and register at another school. They wished to find a pleasing atmosphere where she could thrive, learn, and feel secure. Regrettably, statistics designate that this young girl and others like her are liable to encounter the identical antagonism at a fresh school (Beale & Scott, 2001). Bullying in School and on the Bus Intimidation is no longer considered a ‘rite of passage’ or ‘what kids do’ but instead has turn out to be an progressively life-threatening hindrance that can have lethal penalties. Youths all over the United States withstand harassment on a daily basis. Children who are targets need adult direction, counseling and a place to seek sanctuary. A better familiarity of mistreatment will help not only recognize the victims and bullies but also facilitate understanding of what it is, where it occurs and why it is happening. Terrorizing is described as recurrent acts of antagonism against an individual in which the perpetrator deliberately and constantly harms another entity who is frailer than themselves (Olweus, 1993; Nansel et al, 2001). The culprit’s intention is to cause anguish to their sufferers over time verbally, physically or both (Nansel et al, 2001; Olweus, 1993). According to the US Department of Justice (nd) bullying is defined as: ‘repeated harmful acts and an imbalance of power. It involves repeated physical, verbal or psychological attacks or intimidation directed against a victim who cannot properly defend him or herself because of size or strength, or because the victim is outnumbered or less psychologically resilient’. The types of belligerent comportments that terrorized children undergo vary according to the length and extent of suffer vary according to the length and extent of are possibly the most well-known methods of harassment and include: hitting, punching, kicking, tripping, taking or destructive belongings (Archer and Coyne, 2005; Lamb et al, 2009; Selekmanand Vessey, 2004). Verbal acts can be more subtle and include insults, name calling, and verbal threats (Juvonen, Graham, and Schuster, 2003). Another type of peer viciousness is known as interpersonal or indirect bullying. Relational bullying may include spreading rumors shunning or excluding, gesturing, Bullying in School and on the Bus facial expressions and pitting one child against another (Archer and Coyne, 2005; Lamb et al, 2008). ‘ Intimidation by substitution ‘ involves influencing others to badger the victim by having someone from the group pick on the victim on behalf of the tormenter. ‘Online’ bullying or ‘cyberbullying’ is another well-liked form of harassment. In this method, a bully uses the Internet or other forms of digital communication such as text messaging to insult or intimidate their victim (Juvonen and Gross, 2008; Lamb et al, 2009). There is not one universally accepted definition of cyberbullying however there are common themes. Cyberbullying can be defined as the use of information and communication technologies such as, the internet, cell phones and other devices that are used to send pictures or message; to hurt, embarrass and harass deliberately and repeatedly an individual (Bauman, 2010; Campbell, 2005; Shariff, 2005; Vandebosch and Cleemput, 2009). Cyberbullying can be done alone or in groups. What I learned about myself as a writer is I hate writing and I am no good at it. I have no problem with what to think about what to write its getting it down on paper and it sounding interesting. That there are a lot of aspect that go into writing and I would never be able to write a book. I learned how to write a thesis statement. That they were a lot smarter then I was when it came to writing. I am not sure if I did it correctly so I have no idea.

Comparison of the Japanese and American Cultures

Comparison of Japanese and American Culture Abstract There are some interesting issues engaging gender and cultural diversity in non-verbal communication. It begins by looking over gender variations in body language and the different uses of gestures and posture in comparing the Japanese and American cultures. Nonverbal communication is used in all social settings. Many times nonverbal communication is not seen for its real definition. In this period of internationalization the American education method is unequipped to handle successfully with the latest realism of a mutually dependent national country. American education is lagging at the end of the charts of Japans developed nation. America’s education needs to be retransformed to suit the needs of a rising nationalized financial system. Nowadays, humanitarians have inspirations of achieving the maximum level of schooling and they know it is vitally important for them to be successful. The steady declining of the American instructional method; the expectation for a victorious outlook for many appear desolate. The idea behind educational curriculums within schools must not only position onward the capability to master reading and comprehension skills, writing skills and mathematical and statistical problem solving, but also get each student ready from the primary, middle, and high school levels with skills in understanding the highly skilled requirements in the everyday working world. Comparison of Japanese and American Culture All societies differ among different cultures. Their cultures differ through customs, and education. A comparison of Japanese and American culture reveals a wide range of societal differences. Japanese culture is not always simple to comprehend, assessing it from an external point of view. The Japanese are a uniquely homogenous country. Japan has been secluded by natural features and by preference of their own, that moderately hardly any outsiders reside in Japan. A culture distinction that the Japanese discover in America is their greeting traditions. Although the greeting is one of the easiest ways for man-kind to communicate, both countries include diverse ways of addressing one another. Three differences include arrival, self-introduction, and leaving. The focal rationale for the diversity is that Americans exercise spoken gestures and the Japanese use unspoken gestures. Cultural beliefs offer implication to individual awareness of â€Å"who does what to whom wherever. † Nonetheless, the outcome of the various actions intended at oneself has been scientifically analyzed. Cross-cultural differentiations in generating a signification of self-fulfillment or self-actualization are communicated through feeling, labeling and characteristic attribution. The process of self-introduction varies between America and Japan. Americans are quick to have a discussion regarding their private matters. Americans usually converse about their relatives, spouses, or themselves. The Japanese prefer a more low key method. Japanese people are akin to chat about where they belong. For example, what school or university they attend, what there major is, or what type of club they have joined. Leaving a place or being in the American and the Japanese cultures depend on whether people are close in proximity or far away. Americans seem to say â€Å"bye† for either situation. Some Americans give a hug or a kiss when they leave one another. Unlike Americans, who immediately say â€Å"goodbye,† commonly Japanese build a trivial bow and glance back several times while waving their hand. Amongst the varied farewells, every Japanese individual who resides in America is shocked when they receive a embrace from an American, and they believe Americans are sappy. Japanese sense meaninglessness when Americans say â€Å"bye† and immediately leave. The variations in greetings are that the Americans prefer to be verbal and the Japanese prefer to be nonverbal. Americans are quick to exercise the verbal, so Americans say â€Å"Hi† or â€Å"How are you? Even people who are strangers say â€Å"How is it going? † Japanese people who arrive in America are puzzled whether they should react or be quiet. Japanese believe Americans are friendly and rejuvenating. Japanese people are likely to communicate a nonverbal language. Many Japanese just make a bow with a smile indicating respect. Usually, young people have to make a deep bow for their superiors. Not only gesture but also voice and countenance are very significant. Every American who is in Japan feels uncomfortable at first because they are not used to Japanese customs. Normally, we anticipate conversing face to face than when conversing obliquely, for example through letters. Nonverbal communication, such as one’s appearance, quality of voice, facial appearance, and body language all present additional information that enhances ones understanding. Nevertheless, when cultural diversity is engaged, this extra information can root added misunderstanding. Body languages are an essential part of greetings. Japanese usually bow as they articulate their greetings and Americans extend their arms for handshakes in the form of a greeting. Mainly Japanese who are accustomed with the global view are familiar to handshakes, but when it comes to embracing hugs and extending kisses very little Japanese identify the acts and manners implicated. Even with handshake greetings it can be uncomfortable since a lot of them are not capable of withholding bows while they extend shake hands. Bowing is an essential way of greeting and politeness for the Japanese. It allows them to acknowledge one another without invading each other's personal space; Americans do not take that into consideration when they are greeting each other. It also allows them to greet each other at a distance, whenever a verbal greeting is not practical. It foreshadows words in the vivid expressions of emotions. The Japanese feel that if they lose it, it would be like losing part of their courteousness. Making eye contact can be culture dependent. Americans might become uncomfortable when talking to their Japanese associates, who often do not control and maintain good eye contact during conservation. For example, Japanese would become angry if an American that was driving looked away from the traffic to make conversation with their passenger. Even and continuous communication is more than understanding words and etiquette. The tempo of communication seems to fluctuate amongst America and Japan. Regularly, Americans talk relentlessly. But Japanese continue gentler, pausing from time to time to evaluate the circumstances or to let the quietness speak for itself. Whenever English is the preferred language, the American's have a tendency to speak without having to pause and can simply devastate the Japanese, whose English aptitude is probably not elevated sufficiently enough to listen in and at the same time think of what to say next. Often the Japanese businessmen use an interpreter to avoid those types of situations. In contrast, Americans seem to get nervous when Japanese pause in conservation and their break in conversation seem like eternity before they continue speaking. To many Japanese, Americans seem to rely a lot on drawn out verbal dialogue where a simple chart or table is adequate. Conventionally, the Japanese rather brief verbal expressions. In fact, telling one they are skillful with words could be can be seen as a bad compliment, and referred to as being underhanded. Voice pitch plays a significant sociocultural role in the expression of emotion and politeness in conversational speech. (Yuasa 2008) The theory that the entire Japanese communal connection is modeled after the mother and child bond sets a tone for their country. The outcomes of affect and power models imply a multifaceted picture where juvenile American boys are taught to be self-sufficient, but juvenile American girls are pushed to exhibit dependence. Mothers that raise children in America try to validate their character through most favorable actions with kids who operate beyond a normal child's character produce boys that fight back and girls who are passive if they follow the Japanese rules of character development. The mother of an American child conforms her character as a mother by teaching her youngster to be independent. The mother of a Japanese child has the nurturing spirit to carry and hug their child as a way of showing their love. The Japanese model imitates the over controlling and overly understanding approach of native Japanese mothers. The Japanese mother who oversees or observes her child is given an incentive with distinctive characteristics validating reactions like hanging on to and supplying conduct from the youngster not expected for mothers and kids in the United States. Japan and the United States are eagerly focused on education. Both homelands focus on education as a shared accountability of the nation. Even though there are many comparisons, there are also differences among American and Japanese missions and visions of education, and there positions are aimed in different paths of transformation in both homelands. Schooling is also obligatory for both countries. In the United States most children begin primary education with kindergarten and depending on the district prerequisites; they complete their education in their senior year of high school. Since Americans are actively creating universal goals and targets, increasing and utilizing additional standardized tests for all scholars, and shifting in the direction of traditional based school improvement; the Japanese appear to want the reverse unassembled standardized standards, shifting away from the anxiety of nationalized examinations, and centering more attention on the creativeness and possibilities of each scholar. This is an objective that has frequently been disregarded in Japanese culture and the education reflections. Japan's education method allows teachers to inspire students learning throughout their well organized programs of study, securely joined together through all subject matters, that connects students and fabricates well-built classroom affiliations. Complete course group teaching aids Japanese schools to encourage their students by highlighting exertion over aptitude, connecting students, constructing well-built classroom associations, and uniting students under a common objective. Customary functions focused on the gender separation of hard work among a male wage earner and a female head of household have become defying in several current industrialized homelands by transforming women’s communal outlooks. A convergence of trends, including increasing female wages and employment rates, decreasing fertility and family size, rising divorce rates and numbers of female-headed households, and increasing education and participation in women’s movements, have undermined many of the incentives and requirements of a traditional family arrangement (Mason and Lu 1988). References 1. â€Å"What Japan Thinks of Us: a Nation of Crybabies? Newsweek April 2, 1990 2. Doi, T. (1996) â€Å"Foreward† Pp. Xv-xvii in D. W. Shwalb and B. J. Shwalb (editors), Japanese childrearing: Two generations of scholarship, New York: The Guilford Press. 3. Mason, Karen O. and Yu-Hsia Lu. 1988. â€Å"Attitudes Toward Women's Familial Roles: Changes in the United States, 197 7- 1985. † 4. Osgood, C. E. , W. H. May, and M. S. Miron. 1975. Cross-Cultural Universals of Affective Meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 5. Yuasa, I. 2008. Culture and gender of voice pitch; a sociophonetic comparison of the Japanese and Americans, 2009. Equinox Publishing Limited; Questia. com `